Revised 22 Sept. 2025
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Asthenomacrurus Sazonov & Shcherbachev 1982 asthenós (ἀσθενός), weak, referring to “brittle and easily deformed skeleton” (translation) and small size of A. victoris; macrurus, a macrourid fish, from Macrourus, type genus of family

Asthenomacrurus fragilis (Garman 1899) Latin for fragile or brittle, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to brittle and easily deformed skeleton (see genus), its weak head bones, and/or its scales, described as “small, thin, deciduous”

Asthenomacrurus victoris Sazonov & Shcherbachev 1982 -is, Latin genitive singular of: ichthyologist Viktor Markelovich Makushok (1924–1993, sometimes spelled Makushek and Makushuk), Institute of Oceanology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, who described Coryphaenoides subserrulatus in 1976

Cetonurichthys Sazanov & Shcherbachev 1982 Cetonurus, similar to that genus in a number of characters, particularly enlarged scales along base of second dorsal fin; ichthýs (ἰχθύς), fish

Cetonurichthys subinflatus Sazonov & Shcherbachev 1982 sub (L.), less or under (i.e., somewhat); inflatus (L.), swollen, referring to how seismosensory canals of head are less swollen compared with related genera

Cetonurus Günther 1887 ceto-, presumably from from kḗtos (κῆτος), whale (used as a metaphor for large), referring to “exceedingly large and thick” head of C. crassiceps; –urus, proposed as a subgenus of Macrourus

Cetonurus crassiceps (Günther 1878) crassus (L.), thick, fat or stout; –ceps (Neo-Latin), headed, referring to “very large head, especially the anterior portion”

Cetonurus globiceps (Vaillant 1884) globus (L.), ball or sphere; –ceps (Neo-Latin), headed, referring to globular shape of head

Coelorinchus Giorna 1809 coelo-, from koī́los (κοῖλος), hollow; rinchus, from rhýnchos (ῥύγχος), snout, referring to cavernous nature of snout of C. caelorhinchus (all macrourids have expanded mucous chambers in the head associated with the sensory lateralis system; these chambers may give the visual impression of a cavity-filled head)

Two subgenera are recognized by some workers: Oxygadus) Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 oxýs (ὀξύς), sharp or pointed, allusion not explained, possibly referring to spinules on scales of C. parallelus and several other species known at the time with a “very strong median keel,” and gadus, from gádos (γάδος), a hake, cod or similar gadiform fish. Quincuncia) Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 from quincunx, a geometric pattern consisting of five coplanar points, referring to arrangement of spinules on scales of C. argentatus, C. quincunciatus and C. thompsoni

Coelorinchus acanthiger Barnard 1925 ákantha (ἄκανθα), thorn; –iger (L.), to have or bear, referring to spinules on scales

Coelorinchus acantholepis Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 ákantha (ἄκανθα), thorn; lepís (λεπίς), scale, referring to spinules on scales

Coelorinchus aconcagua Iwamoto 1978 named for Aconcagua (in the Andes of Argentina), the highest peak of the Western Hemisphere, “beneath the shadows of which the holotype was captured” off the Pacific Coast of Chile

Coelorinchus acutirostris Smith & Radcliffe 1912 acutus (L.), sharp or pointed; rostris, Neo-Latin scientific adjective of rostrum (L.), snout, referring to its “very narrow, needle-like” snout

Coelorinchus amirantensis Iwamoto, Golani, Baranes & Goren 2006 -ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Amirantes Basin, western Indian Ocean, type locality

Coelorinchus amydrozosterus Iwamoto & Williams 1999 amydrós (ἀμυδρός), indistinct or obscure; zōstêros (ζωστῆρος), genitive singular of zōstḗr (ζωστήρ), belt or girdle, referring to faint bands on body

Coelorinchus anatirostris Jordan & Gilbert 1904 anatis (L.), duck; rostris, Neo-Latin scientific adjective of rostrum (L.), snout, referring to its snout “shaped like a duck’s bill”

Coelorinchus anisacanthus Sazonov 1994 á– (ἄ), privative, i.e., not; ísos (ἴσος), equal; acanthus (L.), from ákantha (ἄκανθα), thorn, referring to how scales on head and body vary markedly in how they are armed with ctenii (spinules or teeth)

Coelorinchus aratrum Gilbert 1905 Latin for a plough, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to its “long, depressed” snout

Coelorinchus argentatus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 Latin for plated with silver, referring to coloration on sides, cheek, opercles, and region immediately below suborbital ridge, with silvery reflections around vent

Coelorinchus argus Weber 1913 named for Argus, mythical hundred-eyed guardian of Io, whose eyes after death were transformed into the feathers of a peacock, referring to light-edged ocellus between dorsal and pectoral fins

Coelorinchus aspercephalus Waite 1911 rough-headed, from asper (L.), rough, and kephalḗ (κεφαλή), head, referring to head “everywhere roughened without distinct scales”

Coelorinchus australis (Richardson 1839) Latin for southern, referring to its distribution off southern Australia, “an example of a genus [then Lepidoleprus] which had not previously been detected in the southern hemisphere”

Coelorinchus biclinozonalis Arai & McMillan 1982 bi-, from bis (L.), twice; clino, from klínō (κλίνω), to bend or slant; zonalis (L.), of or belonging to a zone of the earth (but here meaning a belt or girdle), referring to two dark slanted bands (or belts) on body

Coelorinchus bollonsi McCann & McKnight 1980 patronym not identified, probably in honor of John Peter Bollons (1862–1929), New Zealand amateur ornithologist, naturalist, ethnographer and mariner who captained government steamers

Coelorinchus braueri Barnard 1925 in honor of German zoologist August Brauer (1863–1917), Berlin Zoological Museum, who reported this species as C. parallelus in 1906

Coelorinchus brevirostris Okamura 1984 brevis (L.), short; Neo-Latin scientific adjective of rostrum (L.), snout, referring to its “comparatively short” snout for a member of Quincuncia (recognized as a valid subgenus at the time)

Coelorinchus caelorhincus (Risso 1810) variant spelling of Giorno’s Coelorinchus (adding an “h”), from koī́los (κοῖλος), hollow and rhýnchos (ῥύγχος), snout, referring to cavernous nature of snout (all macrourids have expanded mucous chambers in the head associated with the sensory lateralis system; these chambers may give the visual impression of a cavity-filled head)

Coelorinchus caelorhincus carminatus (Goode 1880) -atus (L.), having the nature of: carmen (L.), a comb (with wire bristles) for carding wool, referring to long, vitreous spines arranged in 9–10 rows on scales, in which the scales resembled “old-fashioned wool cards” [treated as a full species by some workers]

Coelorinchus campbellicus McCann & McKnight 1980 -icus (L.), belonging to: Campbell Plateau, near New Zealand, type locality

Coelorinchus canus (Garman 1899) Latin for grayish white, presumably referring to “more or less of silver especially on the sides of the body chamber” and/or silvery, translucent head

Coelorinchus caribbaeus (Goode & Bean 1885) per Goode & Bean (1896), named for its occurrence in Caribbean Sea (although most of type series was collected from the Gulf of Mexico)

Coelorinchus carinifer Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 carina (L.), keel; –ifer, from fero (L.), to have or bear, referring to 7–10 carinae on each scale of body

Coelorinchus caudani (Köhler 1896) in honor of the French steamer Caudan, which collected holotype

Coelorinchus celaenostomus McMillan & Paulin 1993 kelainós (κελαινός), black; stomus, from stóma (στόμα), mouth, referring to its black lips [originally spelled celaenostoma, which is a noun, but adjectival spelling appears to be in prevailing usage]

Coelorinchus charius Iwamoto & Williams 1999 charíeis (χαρίεις), graceful, allusion not explained; “We had no particular reason for calling the fish ‘graceful’ except that we thought it was a nice name. The term could very well apply to most grenadiers, as their long tapering tail lends to a graceful swimming motion” (Tomio Iwamoto, pers. comm.)

Coelorinchus chilensis Gilbert & Thompson 1916 -ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: off Lota, Chile, type locality

Coelorinchus cingulatus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 Latin for belted, referring to barred markings on posterior part of body

Coelorinchus commutabilis Smith & Radcliffe 1912 Latin for variable, referring to infraspecific variability in the form, length and scaling of the snout, falling “quite readily into one of several groups, each of which, had it been found alone in a separate locality, would have been regarded without doubt as representing a distinct species” (the five forms are now recognized as four species)

Coelorinchus cookianus McCann & McKnight 1980 -anus (L.), belonging to: patronym not identified, probably in honor of James Cook (1728–1779), British explorer, navigator, cartographer and naval captain, whose 1769 arrival in New Zealand (where this species occurs) marked the beginning of ichthyology and scientific fish collecting in that country

Coelorinchus cylindricus Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 Latin for cylindrical, referring to its long, cylindrical body

Coelorinchus denticulatus Regan 1921 Latin for having small teeth (denticulate), allusion not explained, perhaps referring to “spinules” on scales

Coelorinchus divergens Okamura & Yatou 1984 Latin for spreading or divergent, referring to “diverging spinous carinae of scales on the top of the head”

Coelorinchus dorsalis Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 Latin for of the back, referring to its high dorsal fin

Coelorinchus doryssus Gilbert 1905 Latinization of doryssóos (δορυσσόος), brandishing the lance (i.e., spear bearer), allusion not explained, perhaps referring to slenderer snout compared with the similar C. aratrum

Coelorinchus fasciatus (Günther 1878) Latin for banded, referring to broad irregular blackish bands across the back

Coelorinchus flabellispinis (Alcock 1894) labellum (L.), a small fan; spinis, from spinus (L.), thorn, probably referring to 3–8 “strong widely radiating spiniferous ribs” on scales of head and “usually eight similar great spiniferous ribs, the radiate arrangement of which, though very distinct, is not quite so marked” on body and tail [initially spelled flabellispinnis, which would mean “fanned fin,” presumably a printer’s error]

Coelorinchus formosanus Okamura 1963 -anus (L.), belonging to: Formosa (Taiwan), type locality

Coelorinchus fuscigulus Iwamoto, Ho & Shao 2009 fuscus (L.), dark or swarthy; gulus, from gula (L.), throat, referring to blackish branchiostegal membranes

Coelorinchus gaesorhynchus Iwamoto & Williams 1999 gaesum (L.), a Gaulish javelin; rhynchus, from rhýnchos (ῥύγχος), snout, referring to its “notably long, sharp snout”

Coelorinchus ganymedes Prokofiev 2021 named for Ganymedes (or Ganymede), a young man in Greek mythology taken to Olympus for his beauty as the cupbearer of the gods, referring to this fish’s “graceful appearance and elegant color” (translation)

Coelorinchus geronimo Marshall & Iwamoto 1973 named for the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (now the National Marine Fisheries Service) research vessel Geronimo, which conducted fishery and oceanographic investigations in the tropical Atlantic Ocean (1663–1970) and which made the largest collection of grenadiers from the Gulf of Guinea that Iwamoto examined (Tomio Iwamoto, pers. comm.), although it should be noted that holotype of this species was collected by its sister ship, Undaunted

Coelorinchus gilberti Jordan & Hubbs 1925 in honor of American ichthyologist, fisheries biologist and Jordan’s Stanford University colleague Charles H. Gilbert (1859–1928), who described many gadiform species, often with Carl L. Hubbs

Coelorinchus gladius Gilbert & Cramer 1897 Latin for sword, presumably referring to very long snout in adults, “narrowed anteriorly, its tip produced as a long, strong, horny spine”

Coelorinchus goobala Iwamoto & Williams 1999 Bardi (Indigenous Australian) word for star, referring to spinules on scales of median nasal ridge, which are, as in C. asteroides (=hige), arranged in rows radiating from a central point

Coelorinchus gormani Iwamoto & Graham 2008 in honor of fishery scientist and diver Brian “Terry” Gorman, who pioneered deepwater fishery research in the 1970s and 1980s with the New South Wales FRV [Fisheries Research Vessel] Kapala; it was from collections made during this research that the extent of the southeast Australian grenadier fauna came to the attention of the authors

Coelorinchus hexafasciatus Okamura 1982 héx (ἕξ), six; fasciatus (L.), banded, referring to 6–7 wide crossbands on body

Coelorinchus hige Matsubara 1943 Japanese word for beard or moustache and for members of the genus, probably referring to their chin barbel

Coelorinchus hoangi Iwamoto & Graham 2008 in honor of friend and patron Tuan Hoang, M.D., for his “long and enthusiastic support” of ichthyology at the California Academy of Sciences (where Iwamoto is Curator of Ichthyology, Emeritus)

Coelorinchus horribilis McMillan & Paulin 1993 Latin for dreadful, referring to its “unaesthetic” coloration

Coelorinchus hubbsi Matsubara 1936 patronym not identified but almost certainly in honor of American ichthyologist Carl L. Hubbs (1894–1979), who co-authored major contributions to macrouroid taxonomy in 1916 and 1920

Coelorinchus immaculatus Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 im-, from in (L.), not; maculatus (L.), spotted, referring to lack of distinctive color pattern, in contrast to two other grenadiers from the Nazca and Sala y Gomez ridges, C. spilonotus and C. multifasciatus, which have prominent blotches on their bodies

Coelorinchus idiolepis Prokofiev 2020 ídios (ἴδιος), distinctive or peculiar; lepís (λεπίς), scale, referring to how spinules on scales are very different on different parts of the body, unusual in the genus (Artem Prokofiev, pers. comm.)

Coelorinchus infuscus McMillan & Paulin 1993 Latin for dusky, referring to its coloration

Coelorinchus innotabilis McCulloch 1907 im-, from in (L.), not; notabilis (L.), notable; McCulloch noted “it is impossible to be quite certain of its determination” without more specimens for study

Coelorinchus inventionis Prokofiev, Iwamoto & Mishin 2022 -is, Latin genitive singular of: inventio (L.), invention or discovery, referring to Discovery Tablemount, southeastern Atlantic Ocean (type locality), in turn named in honor of the British oceanographic vessel Discovery

Coelorinchus japonicus (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) -icus (L.), belonging to: Japan, originally known from bays in Omura and Shimabara

Coelorinchus jordani Smith & Pope 1906 in honor of American ichthyologist David Starr Jordan (1851–1931), for his “prolific studies of the Japanese fish fauna”

Coelorinchus kaiyomaru Arai & Iwamoto 1979 named for the research vessel Kaiyo Maru of the Japanese Fisheries Agency, which collected holotype

Coelorinchus kamoharai Matsubara 1943 patronym not identified, presumably in honor of ichthyologist Toshiji Kamohara (1901–1972), Kochi University, who described Spicomacrurus kuronumai in 1938

Coelorinchus karrerae Trunov 1984 in honor of German ichthyologist Christine Karrer, who first drew attention to this species among fishes collected by August Brauer during the Valdivia Expedition (1888–1899) to subantarctic seas

Coelorinchus kermadecus Jordan & Gilbert 1904 -icus (L.), belonging to: Kermadec Islands, southwestern Pacific, type locality

Coelorinchus kishinouyei Jordan & Snyder 1900 in honor of Kamakichi Kishinouye (1867–1929), head of the Imperial Fisheries Bureau of Japan, who gave Jordan a number of gobies and other small Japanese fishes for study

Coelorinchus labiatus (Köhler 1896) Latin for lipped, referring to “two very accentuated bulges” (translation) on upper lip, which Köhler did not see in drawings of the closely related C. japonicus and C. parallelus

Coelorinchus lanceolatus Nakayama 2020 Latin for lance-like, referring to its long snout tipped with a “spearhead-shaped” scute

Coelorinchus lasti Iwamoto & Williams 1999 in honor of Peter R. Last, CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Research, for his contributions to Australian ichthyology

Coelorinchus leptorhinus Chiou, Shao & Iwamoto 2004 leptós (λεπτός), narrow or delicate; rhinus, from rhinós (ῥινός), genitive of rhís (ῥίς), nose, referring to its sharply pointed snout

Coelorinchus longissimus Matsubara 1943 Latin for longest, allusion not explained nor evident (it certainly is not the longest among C. kamoharai and C. vermicularis, described in the same paper, although luminous organ in front of anus may be longer)

Coelorinchus macrochir (Günther 1877) macro-, from makrós (μακρός), long or large; chir, from cheī́r (χείρ), hand, homologous to the pectoral fin, referring to its “remarkably long” pectoral fin, extending to origin of second dorsal fin

Coelorinchus macrolepis Gilbert & Hubbs 192 macro-, from makrós (μακρός), long or large; lepís (λεπίς), scale, referring to its large scales, larger than other species in the C. notatus group

Coelorinchus macrorhynchus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 macro-, from makrós (μακρός), long or large; rhynchus, from rhýnchos (ῥύγχος), snout, more than twice as long as orbit

Coelorinchus maculatus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 Latin for spotted, referring to large blackish spot located just above and behind pectoral fin

Coelorinchus marinii Hubbs 1934 in honor of Argentine ichthyologist Tomás L. Marini (1902–1984), who gave type specimen to Hubbs and allowed him to describe it

Coelorinchus mascarenus Prokofiev & Iwamoto 2020 -anus (L.), belonging to: Mascarene Ridge, Western Indian Ocean, only known area of occurrence

Coelorinchus matamua (McCann & McKnight 1980) a Maori word for this New Zealand fish, meaning first, high, exalted or firstborn, allusion not explained nor evident

Coelorinchus matsubarai Okamura 1982 in honor of the late Kiyomatsu Matsubara (1907–1968), ichthyologist, Imperial Fisheries Institute (Tokyo)

Coelorinchus maurofasciatus McMillan & Paulin 1993 maurós (μαυρός), dark; fasciatus (L.), banded, referring to grayish-brown to black saddle marks

Coelorinchus mayiae Iwamoto & Williams 1999 from mayi, Australian Yindjibarndi language ord meaning younger sister, referring to putative sister-species relationship with C. argentatus

Coelorinchus mediterraneus Iwamoto & Ungaro 2002 named for the Mediterranean Sea, where it is endemic

Coelorinchus melanobranchus Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 mélanos (μέλανος), genitive of mélas (μέλας), black; branchus, from bránchia (βράγχια), gills, referring to black blotch on branchiostegal membrane

Coelorinchus melanosagmatus Iwamoto & Anderson 1999 mélanos (μέλανος), genitive of mélas (μέλας), black; ságmatos (σάγματος), genitive of ságma (σάγμα), pack-saddle, referring to dark saddle markings on body

Coelorinchus mirus McCulloch 1926 Latin for wonderful or amazing, allusion not explained nor evident

Coelorinchus multifasciatus Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 multi– (L.), many; fasciatus (L.), banded, referring to its “distinctive” color pattern

Coelorinchus multispinulosus Katayama 1942 multi– (L.), many; spinulosus, Neo-Latin for having little thorns or spines, referring to scales armed with numerous small spinules in a quincunx order as in C. quincunciatus

Coelorinchus mycterismus McMillan & Paulin 1993 Latinization of myktērismós (μυκτηρισμός), to turn up the nose, referring to dorsal anterior surface of snout upturned in lateral profile

Coelorinchus mystax McMillan & Paulin 1993 mýstax (μύσταξ), moustache, referring to well-developed papillae on lips

Coelorinchus nazcaensis Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 -ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Nazca Ridge, southeastern Pacific, type locality

Coelorinchus notatus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 Latin for marked, referring to a large circular dark brown area extending from pectoral base upward to lateral line and/or a broad saddle of similar color extending across back behind origin of second dorsal

Coelorinchus nox Nakayama 2020 Latin for night, referring to its characteristic dark (uniformly dark-brown) coloration

Coelorinchus obscuratus McMillan & Iwamoto 2009 Latin for darkened or obscured, referring to its dark and dusky coloration

Coelorinchus occa (Goode & Bean 1885) Latin for a harrow, referring, per Goode & Bean (1896), to its rough scales, each one bearing ~5 large spines and many smaller ones

Coelorinchus okamurai Nakayama & Endo 2017 in honor of the late Osamu Okamura (Kochi University, Japan), who collected holotype in 1972

Coelorinchus oliverianus Phillipps 1927 -anus (L.), belonging to: New Zealand ornithologist Walter Reginald Brook Oliver (1883–1957), who received type specimens from fishermen and gave them to the New Zealand Dominion Museum

Coelorinchus osipullus McMillan & Iwamoto 2009 os (L.), mouth; pullus (L.), dusky or dark-colored, referring to its dark gums

Coelorinchus paraboliceps Prokofiev & Iwamoto 2020 parabola (Neo-Latin), a curve where any point is at an equal distance from a fixed point or fixed straight line; –ceps (Neo-Latin), headed, referring to sides of snout strongly and regularly convex in dorsal view

Coelorinchus parallelus (Günther 1877) Latin for parallel, referring to “nearly parallel” arrangement of 5–7 “spiny ridges” on scales

Coelorinchus pardus Iwamoto & Williams 1999 Latin for leopard, referring to its leopard-like spots

Coelorinchus parvifasciatus McMillan & Paulin 1993 parvus (L.), small; fasciatus (L.), banded, referring to “short faint banded color pattern”

Coelorinchus platorhynchus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 broad-snouted, from platýs (πλατύς), broad or wide, and rhýnchos (ῥύγχος), snout, described as “short, broad”

Coelorinchus polli Marshall & Iwamoto 1973 in honor of Belgian ichthyologist Max Poll (1908–1991), who noted this species in 1953 but did not describe it

Coelorinchus posteromaculatus Nakayama, Prokofiev & Kawai 2020 postero-, from posterior (L.), coming after; maculatus (L.), spotted, referring to characteristic dark blotch on anterior part of tail

Coelorinchus pseudoparallelus Trunov 1983 pseudo-, from pseúdēs (ψεύδης), false, i.e., although similar to C. parallelus in form and position of ctenii on scales of trunk, such an appearance is false

Coelorinchus quadricristatus (Alcock 1891) quadri-, from quattuor (L.), four; cristatus (L.), crested, referring to two “strongly related ridges” traversing both sides of posterior half of head, comprising “either bony crests or the modified spines of scales that are indetachably adherent to the bones beneath”

Coelorinchus quincunciatus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 -atus (L.), adjectival suffix: quincunx, a geometric pattern consisting of five coplanar points, referring to arrangement of spinules on scales

Coelorinchus radcliffei Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 in honor of American ichthyologist-malacologist Lewis Radcliffe (1880–1950), scientific assistant for the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, who, with Hugh M. Smith, described many new macrouroid species obtained during the Philippine cruise of the fisheries steamer Albatross

Coelorinchus scaphopsis (Gilbert 1890) scapho-, from skaphís (σκαφίς), shovel or scoop; ópsis (ὄψις), appearance, presumably referring to its flattened snout

Coelorinchus semaphoreus Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 sēma (σῆμα), sign, mark or token; phoreús (φορεύς), bearer or carrier, referring to “boldly marked” first dorsal fin

Coelorinchus sereti Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 in honor of Bernard Séret (b. 1949), ORSTOM (Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique d’Outre-Mer), for his studies of deep-sea fishes, for collecting deep-sea fishes off New Caledonia, and for making grenadiers from these collections available to the authors

Coelorinchus sexradiatus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 sex (L.), six; radiatus (L.), rayed, referring to six ventral-fin rays

Coelorinchus shcherbachevi Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 in honor of ichthyologist Yuri Nikolayevich Shcherbachev, Institute of Oceanology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, “friend, colleague, and fellow student of grenadiers”

Coelorinchus sheni Chiou, Shao & Iwamoto 2004 in honor of Shih (or Shieh)-Chieh Shen, National Taiwan University, for his many contributions to ichthyology (genus misspelled Caelorinchus by the authors)

Coelorinchus simorhynchus Iwamoto & Anderson 1994 simus (L.), flat-or snub-nosed; rhynchus, from rhýnchos (ῥύγχος), snout, referring to its “notably short and blunt” snout

Coelorinchus smithi Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 in honor of American ichthyologist Hugh M. Smith (1865–1941), then U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, who made the entire collection fishes obtained by Philippine cruise of the fisheries steamer Albatross available to the authors

Coelorinchus spathulatus McMillan & Paulin 1993 -atus (L.), adjectival suffix: spatula (L.), paddle, spoon or broad blade used for stirring, referring to its broad, flattened snout

Coelorinchus spilonotus Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 spilos (σπίλος), mark or spot; nótos (νότος), back, referring to two prominent saddle marking

Coelorinchus spinifer Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 spinus (L.), thorn; –ifer, from fera (L.), to have or bear, referring to the “relatively immense spine borne on each scale”

Coelorinchus supernasutus McMillan & Paulin 1993 super (L.) over and above; nasutus (L.), long-nosed, referring to its “extremely large” snout

Coelorinchus thompsoni Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 in honor of fishery biologist William Francis Thompson (1888–1965), University of Washington (Seattle, USA), for his “ichthyological investigations”

Coelorinchus thurla Iwamoto & Williams 1999Y indjibamdi (Indigenous Australian) word meaning eye, referring to characteristic shoulder spot and to the name of its sister species, C. argus (see that entry)

Coelorinchus tokiensis (Steindachner & Döderlein 1887) -ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Tokyo, Japan, type locality

Coelorinchus trachycarus Iwamoto, McMillan & Shcherbachev 1999 trachýs (τραχύς), jagged or rough; carus, from kára (κάρα), head, referring to “bristly spinulation” on ridges of the head, “more prickly” than other congeners

Coelorinchus tricristiger Prokofiev & Iwamoto 2022 tri– (L.), three; crista (L.), crest; –iger (L.), to have or bear, referring to its three complete occipital ridges

Coelorinchus triocellatus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 tri– (L.), three; ocellatus (L.), having little eyes (ocelli) or spots, referring to three ocellated markings on body

Coelorinchus trunovi Iwamoto & Anderson 1994 in honor of Russian colleague Ivan Andreevich Trunov (1936–2005), Atlantic Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, for his “important” contributions to the study of deep-sea fishes of the South Atlantic

Coelorinchus velifer Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 velum (L.), sail; fero (L.), to have or bear, referring to its high dorsal fin

Coelorinchus ventrilux Marshall & Iwamoto 1973 ventris, genitive of venter (L.), belly; lux (L.), light, referring to “large and lenticular” luminous organ, which “lies in a shallow fossa [groove] in the rear half of the chest”

Coelorinchus vityazae Iwamoto, Shcherbachev & Marquardt 2004 in honor of the research vessel Vityaz (also spelled Vitiaz), which collected many of the type specimens

Coelorinchus weberi Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 in honor of German-born Dutch physician and zoologist Max Weber (1852–1937), for this work on the fishes of the East Indian region

Coelorinchus yurii Iwamoto, Golani, Baranes & Goren 2006 in honor of ichthyologist Yuri Nikolayevich Shcherbachev, Institute of Oceanology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, who initially recognized this species as new and planned to describe it with Iwamoto

Coelorinchus zinjianus Prokofiev & Iwamoto 2023 -anus (L.), belonging to: Zinj, an ancient Arabic name for East Africa and nearby islands, referring to its occurrence in the western Indian Ocean off Madagascar

Coryphaenoides Gunnerus 1765 -oides, Neo-Latin from eī́dos (εἶδος), form or shape: referring to C. rupestris, described has having a “blunt snout, a beautiful silver color, and several [other] characters” that “can be compared with the Dorado-like fishes (Coryphaenae)” (translation), i.e., dolphinfishes, genus Coryphaena

Subgenus Coryphaenoides

Coryphaenoides acrolepis (Bean 1884) etymology not explained, perhaps ákron (ἅκρον), summit, top or peak, and lepís (λεπίς), scale, referring to 7–8 rows of scales above lateral line

Coryphaenoides aequatoris (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) Latin for equatorial, referring to type locality, Gulf of Tomini, Sulawesi, Indonesia, just eight minutes south of Equator

Coryphaenoides alateralis Marshall & Iwamoto 1973 á– (ἄ), Greek privative, not; lateralis (L.), of the side, referring to absence of grooved lateral-line scales except for one or two scales at anteriormost end of the line

Coryphaenoides altipinnis Günther 1877 altus (L.), high or deep; pinnis, Neo-Latin adjective of pinna (L.), fin, i.e., finned, presumably referring to “considerably produced” second dorsal-fin spine [sometimes misspelled altipennis]

Coryphaenoides anguliceps (Garman 1899) angulus (L.), angle; –ceps (Neo-Latin), headed, presumably referring to “wide, shovel-shaped” snout, “pointed and bearing three prominent angles at the end”

Coryphaenoides ariommus Gilbert & Thompson 1916 arí– (ἀρί), much or very; ómma (ὄμμα), eye; although eye size is not mentioned in description, they do appear to be large in accompanying illustration

Coryphaenoides asper Günther 1877 Latin for rough, presumably referring to “five radiating series of strong and low spines” on scales

Coryphaenoides asprellus (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) diminutive of asper (L.), rough, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to “exposed portion of each scale armed with about 13 subparallel rows of rather strong spinules”; Gilbert & Hubbs (1920) say name is a diminutive of C. asper

Coryphaenoides boops (Garman 1899) bo, from boū́s (βοῦς), bull, metaphorically used to mean big; ṓps (ὦψ), eye, referring to its large eye, longer than the snout

Coryphaenoides bucephalus (Garman 1899) from bouképhalos (βουκέφαλος), bull-headed, from boū́s (βοῦς), bull (metaphorically used to mean big), and kephalḗ (κεφαλή), head, presumably referring to its “rather short and broad” head

Coryphaenoides bulbiceps (Garman 1899) bolbós (βολβός), a bulb or bulbous root; –ceps (Neo-Latin), headed, referring to its “massive, rounded” head

Coryphaenoides camurus (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) Latin for crooked or turned inward, allusion not explained; Gilbert & Hubbs (1920) say it refers to its “peculiar physiognomy”

Coryphaenoides capito (Garman 1899) Latin for one with a large head, described as “large, two ninths of the total length, three fourths as wide as high, high and arched from the nape to the dorsal, descending from the nape to the end of the snout”

Coryphaenoides carminifer (Garman 1899) carmen (L.), a comb (with wire bristles) for carding wool; –ifer, from fero (L.), to have or bear, referring to longitudinal series of spines on each scale, which create a “pilose grayish brown appearance”

Coryphaenoides castaneus Shcherbachev & Iwamoto 1995 Latin for chestnut-brown, referring to its overall “dark chocolate brown” ground color

Coryphaenoides cinereus (Gilbert 1896) Latin for gray, referring to “uniform light-grayish” coloration on body and fins (with exception of blackish pectorals and ventrals)

Coryphaenoides delsolari Chirichigno F. & Iwamoto 1977 in honor of Peruvian marine biologist Enrique del Solar (1911–1990), for his numerous contributions to Peruvian ichthyology

Coryphaenoides dossenus McMillan 1999 Latin for hump- or hunchback, referring to prominent bulge in predorsal area in large females

Coryphaenoides dubius (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) Latin for doubtful or uncertain, allusion not explained; Gilbert & Hubbs (1920) speculate that the name reflects its “supposed doubtful status or relationships”

Coryphaenoides filiferus (Gilbert 1896) filum (L.), thread; fero (L.), to have or bear, referring to second spine of dorsal fin, “extremely long and slender,” terminating in a “long membranous filament”

Coryphaenoides grahami Iwamoto & Shcherbachev 1991 in honor of New Zealand-born Australian ichthyologist Kenneth (Ken) J. Graham (b. 1947), New South Wales State Fishery Agency, who collected numerous valuable fish specimens, including four paratypes of this species

Coryphaenoides guentheri (Vaillant 1888) in honor of German-born British ichthyologist-herpetologist Albert Günther (1830–1914), British Museum (Natural History), who described Macrourus holotrachys in 1878, with which this species had initially been confused

Coryphaenoides hextii (Alcock 1890) per Alcock (1902) in honor of Rear-Admiral John Hext (1842–1924), Director of the Royal Indian Marine (precursor to the Royal Indian Navy), for his generous support of the HMS Investigator expedition to the Arabian Sea, during which type was collected

Coryphaenoides hoskynii (Alcock 1890) in honor of British naval officer Richard Frazer Hoskyn (1848-1892), Commander of the HMS Investigator, which collected holotype

Coryphaenoides longicirrhus (Gilbert 1905) longus (L.), long; cirrhus, alternate spelling of cirrus (L.), tuft of hair or fringe, allusion not explained, possibly referring to well-developed chin barbel

Coryphaenoides macrolophus (Alcock 1889) macro-, from makrós (μακρός), long or large; lophus, from lóphos (λόφος), mane or crest, presumably referring to second dorsal-fin spine, “produced into a long filament … about half the total length of the fish”

Coryphaenoides marginatus Steindachner & Döderlein 1887 Latin for margined, presumably referring to blackish edge on fins

Coryphaenoides marshalli Iwamoto 1970 in honor of British ichthyologist Norman Bertram Marshall (1915–1996), British Museum (Natural History), for his “numerous and valuable contributions to the knowledge of deep-sea fishes”

Coryphaenoides mexicanus (Parr 1946) -anus (L.), belonging to: presumably referring to its occurrence in the Gulf of Mexico

Coryphaenoides microps ( Smith & Radcliffe 1912) micro-, from mikrós (μικρός), small; ṓps (ὦψ), eye, referring to “much smaller” eye compared with the similar C. macrolophus

Coryphaenoides microstomus McMillan 1999 small-mouthed, from mikrós (μικρός), small, and stóma (στόμα), mouth, referring to small mouth, the upper jaw extending back to about anterior third of orbit, 27–30% of head length

Coryphaenoides myersi Iwamoto & Sazonov 1988 in honor of the late George S. Myers (1905–1985), “distinguished” ichthyologist and former Stanford University professor, who collected holotype in 1938

Coryphaenoides nasutus Günther 1877 Latin for long-nosed, referring to conical snout, “with a projecting barb in the middle,” overhanging the mouth

Coryphaenoides oreinos Iwamoto & Sazonov 1988 oreinós (ορεινός), from the mountains or mountain-dwelling, referring to its habitat on seamounts and guyots of the eastern Pacific

Coryphaenoides orthogrammus (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) orthós (ὀρθός), straight; grammus, scientific Neo-Latin derived from grammḗ (γραμμή), line or stroke of the pen, allusion not explained; Gilbert & Hubbs (1920) speculate that name refers to “strongly marked line formed by the suborbital ridge,” a doubtful interpretation since Smith & Radcliffe described the suborbital ridge as “wavy”

Coryphaenoides paramarshalli Merrett 1983 pará (παρά), beside or near, referring to its very close relationship with C. marshalli; indeed, two of the paratypes of the former species are incorporated among the paratypes of the latter

Coryphaenoides rudis Günther 1878 Latin for rough, referring to scales “equally rough over the whole of their surface, the spinelets being subequal in size, densely packed, and not arranged in series”

Coryphaenoides rupestris Gunnerus 1765 Neo-Latin for living among rocks, based on the Norwegian vernacular for this and similar species, berg-laks, i.e., rock salmon, presumably referring to its rocky habitat [see also Macrourus berglax]

Coryphaenoides semiscaber Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 semi-, from semis (L.), a half or moiety; scaber (L.), rough, referring to strong spinules on basal half of second dorsal-fin spine

Coryphaenoides sibogae Weber & de Beaufort 1929 of the ship Siboga and Indonesian expedition (1898–1899) of same name, during which holotype was collected

Coryphaenoides soyoae Nakayama & Endo 2016 of Soyo-maru, research vessel of the National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (Japan), which collected holotype

Coryphaenoides thelestomus Maul 1951 nipple-mouthed, from thēlḗ (θηλή), teat or nipple, and stoma (στόμα), mouth, referring to its thick, fleshly and “conspicuously papillous” lips

Coryphaenoides tydemani (Weber 1913) in honor of Dutch naval officer Gustaaf Frederik Tydeman (1858–1939), commander and hydrographer of the ship Siboga and Indonesian expedition (1898–1899) of the same name, during which holotype was collected

Coryphaenoides woodmasoni (Alcock 1890) in honor of British zoologist James Wood-Mason (1846–1893), Indian Museum (Calcutta), who collaborated with Alcock in studying the collections of the HMS Investigator, from which type was collected

Coryphaenoides zaniophorus (Vaillant 1888) xánion (ξάνιον), a comb for carding wool; phoros, from phoreús (φορεύς), bearer or carrier, referring to short, stout spinules on scales of larger specimens, arranged in V-shaped rows, resembling the wire bristles on wool cards (or combs), i.e., cardiform (a term usually applied to teeth)

Coryphaenoides (subgenus Albatrossia) Jordan & Gilbert 1898 -ia (L. suffix), belonging to: “the good ship Albatross, in remembrance of her splendid contributions to our knowledge of the life of the deep sea”

Coryphaenoides pectoralis (Gilbert 1892) Latin for pectoral, referring to “long and narrow” pectoral fins

Coryphaenoides (subgenus Bogoslovius) Jordan & Evermann 1898 -ius, adjectival suffix: named for St. John Bogoslof, a volcanic island in the Bering Sea, near where type species, B. clarki (=C. longifilis) was dredged

Coryphaenoides longifilis Günther 1877 longus (L.), long; filis (scientific Neo-Latin), thread-like or filiform, referring to outer ventral-fin ray “produced into an exceedingly long stiff filament”

Coryphaenoides (subgenus Fuyangia) Whitley 1931 etymology not explained nor evident [replacement name for Chalinura Goode & Bean 1883, preoccupied in arachnids]

Coryphaenoides brevibarbis (Goode & Bean 1896) brevis (L.), short; barbis (scientific Neo-Latin), barbel, referring to short chin barbel (8 mm)

Coryphaenoides fernandezianus (Günther 1887) -anus (L.), belonging to: south of Juan Fernández Islands, type locality

Coryphaenoides leptolepis Günther 1877 leptós (λεπτός), thin or slender; lepís (λεπίς), scale, referring to its “thin and deciduous” scales

Coryphaenoides mcmillani Iwamoto & Shcherbachev 1991 in honor of Peter McMillan (b. 1955), Fishery Research Agency (Wellington, New Zealand), who independently recognized this species as new and was planning to describe it, but kindly deferred to the current authors

Coryphaenoides mediterraneus (Giglioli 1893) named for its occurrence in the Mediterranean Sea

Coryphaenoides murrayi Günther 1878 in honor of John Murray (1841–1914), Canadian-born Scottish marine biologist (and later founder of modern oceanography), of the HMS Challenger, which secured holotype

Coryphaenoides profundicola (Nybelin 1957) profundus (L.), deep; –cola (L.), dwelling in; all known specimens at the time captured between 4000–5000 m, “which indicates its being a pronounced deep-sea bottom fish” [often declined as an adjective, profundicolus, but name is a noun]

Coryphaenoides serrulatus Günther 1878 diminutive of serra (L.), saw, referring to second dorsal spine, “finely and closely serrate in front”

Coryphaenoides serrulatus oceanus Iwamoto & Shcherbachev 1991 named for its oceanic distribution, compared with the more continental distribution of the nominate subspecies

Coryphaenoides striaturus Barnard 1925 Latin for “to furnish something with furrows or channels” (i.e., in the future) but said by Barnard to mean “the fluting on a column,” referring to “more numerous flutings [i.e., grooves] on scales” compared with C. leptolepis

Coryphaenoides subserrulatus Makushok 1976 sub (L.), less or under (i.e., somewhat), referring to its “supposed relationship” (translation) with C. serrulatus

Coryphaenoides (subgenus Lionurus) Günther 1887 leī́os (λεῖος), smooth, referring to its smooth scales; –urus, proposed as a subgenus of Macrourus

Coryphaenoides carapinus Goode & Bean 1883 -inus (L.), adjectival suffix, allusion not explained, presumably referring to its resemblance to the pearlfish genus Carapus (Carapidae)

Coryphaenoides filicauda Günther 1878 filum (L.), thread; cauda (L.), tail, referring to how tail is “prolonged into a long filament”

Coryphaenoides (subgenus Nematonurus) Günther 1887 nḗmatos (νήματος), threaded, presumably referring to filamentous outer ventral-fin ray; –urus, proposed as a subgenus of Macorurus

Coryphaenoides affinis Günther 1878 Latin for related, presumably referring to its similarity to and/or close relationship with C. variabilis (=armatus), both described by Günther as having five spiny ridges on the scales

Coryphaenoides armatus (Hector 1875) Latin for armed with a weapon, presumably referring to spinous second ray (or spine) of first dorsal fin, “enveloped in a sheath that is prolonged as a filament”

Coryphaenoides ferrieri (Regan 1913) in honor of James G. Ferrier, Secretary of the Scotia Committee; Scotia is ship that collected holotype during the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902–1904)

Coryphaenoides lecointei (Dollo 1900) in honor of Belgian naval officer Georges Lecointe (1869–1929), second-in-command of the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, during which holotype was collected

Coryphaenoides yaquinae Iwamoto & Stein 1974 in honor of the research vessel Yaquina, Oregon State University, which collected holotype (and specimens of other species studied by the authors)

Subgenus Incertae sedis

Coryphaenoides gypsochilus Iwamoto & McCosker 2001 gypso (L.), covered or coated with gypsum, i.e., chalky; cheī́los (χεῖλος), lip, referring to prominent chalk-colored lips in life

Cynomacrurus Dollo 1909 cyno, from kynós (κυνός), genitive of kýōn (κύων), dog, referring to its “large mandibular fangs” (translation); macrurus, a macrourid fish, from Macrourus, type genus of family

Cynomacrurus piriei Dollo 1909 in honor of James Hunter Harvey Pirie (1878–1965), Scottish physician and geologist of the Scotia expedition to the Antarctic, during which holotype was collected

Echinomacrurus Roule 1916 echī́nos (ἐχῖνος), hedgehog, sea-urchin or, metaphorically, having sharp points (i.e., prickly), referring to slender, erect spinules on scales; macrurus, a macrourid fish, from Macrourus, type genus of family

Echinomacrurus mollis Roule 1916 Latin for soft, referring to its large, flaccid head (swollen by expansive cephalic lateral-line canals)

Haplomacrourus Trunov 1980 haplós (ἁπλός), single or simple (i.e., primitive), referring to primitive (cycloid) scales on head and abdomen; Macrourus, type genus of family

Haplomacrourus nudirostris Trunov 1980 nudus (L.), bare or naked; rostris, Neo-Latin scientific adjective of rostrum (L.), snout, referring to its scaleless snout

Hymenocephalus Giglioli 1884 hymḗn (ὑμήν), thin skin or membrane; cephalus, from kephalḗ (κεφαλή), head, referring to membrane-like head covering of H. italicus

Subgenus Hymenocephalus

Hymenocephalus aeger Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 Latin for feeble, i.e., lacking strength of character, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to how it intergrades with H. torvus, both of which were proposed as subspecies of H. striatissimus

Hymenocephalus antraeus Gilbert & Cramer 1897 Latinizaton of antraī́os (ἀντραῖος), of caves or hollows, presumably referring to “greatly developed” cavities on head

Hymenocephalus billsam Marshall & Iwamoto 1973 named for ichthyologists William (Bill) H. Longley (1881–1937) and Samuel (Sam) F. Hildebrand (1883–1949), who noted the existence of this species in 1941 but did not describe it [Iwamoto later emended the spelling to billsamorum believing it to be the correct grammatical ending for an eponym that honors two men, but since the original spelling did not have the usual genitive “i”, it is retained as a noun in apposition that does not require emendment]

Hymenocephalus grimaldii Weber 1913 patronym not identified, probably in honor of Albert Honoré Charles Grimaldi (1848–1922), Albert I, Prince of Monaco, who devoted much of his life to the study of oceanography, and who published a series of papers on the instruments of deep-sea exploration, which Weber cited in his 1902 introductory Siboga expedition report [see also Sphagemacrurus richardi]

Hymenocephalus hachijoensis Okamura 1970 -ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: off Hachijo Island, Japan, type locality

Hymenocephalus heterolepis (Alcock 1889) héteros (ἕτερος), different; lepίs (λεπίς), scale, referring to large, smooth scales immediately behind head, and small, spiny scales on rest of body

Hymenocephalus italicus Giglioli 1884 -icus (L.), belonging to: Genoa, Italy, Mediterranean Sea, type locality

Hymenocephalus iwamotoi Schwarzhans 2014 in honor of Tomio Iwamoto (b. 1939), California Academy of Sciences, for his “outstanding” contribution to the knowledge of the family Macrouridae; he was also the first ichthyologist to study this species, then identified as Hymenocephalus sp.

Hymenocephalus lethonemus Jordan & Gilbert 1904 letho, from lḗthē (λήθη), forgetfulness; nemus, unnecessary masculinization of nḗma (νῆμα), thread or yarn, referring to lack of mandibular barbel

Hymenocephalus longibarbis (Günther 1887) longus (L.), long; barbis (scientific Neo-Latin) barbel, referring to long barbel, 2/3 as long as head

Hymenocephalus longiceps Smith & Radcliffe 1912 longus (L.), long; –ceps (Neo-Latin), headed, presumably referring to its comparatively long, slender head

Hymenocephalus maculicaudus McMillan & Iwamoto 2014 macula (L.), spot; caudus, unnecessarily masculinized spelling of cauda (L.), tail, referring to distinctive line of melanophores along mid-lateral line anteriorly on the tail

Hymenocephalus megalops Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 mégas (μέγας), big; ṓps (ὦψ), eye, referring to its notably large eyes

Hymenocephalus nascens Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 Latin for arising, young or immature, “applied to this form to designate it as an incipient species” very close to but not intergrading with H. lethonemus

Hymenocephalus neglectissimus Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 superlative of neglectus (L.), overlooked, referring to its late discovery, first collected with H. semipellucidus in 1983 but not recognized as a distinct species until 1990

Hymenocephalus punt Schwarzhans 2014 named for the mythic kingdom of Punt, thought to have been historically located in northern Somalia, off the shores of which this species occurs (also occurs off Yemen and southern Oman)

Hymenocephalus semipellucidus Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 semi-, from semis (L.), a half or moiety; pellucidus (L.), translucently clear, referring to partially transparent head covering and translucent caudal region (where vertebra can be seen in fresh specimens)

Hymenocephalus striatissimus Jordan & Gilbert 1904 superlative of striatus (L.), furrowed, i.e., marked with small striae, referring to “extension of striated area across the isthmus and anterior part of the breast, and by an extension downward in front of each of the ventral fins, forming a pair of conspicuous silvery spots, on which the fine lines are more irregularly disposed,” with the base of each ventral fin “wholly surrounded by the striated area”

Hymenocephalus striatulus Gilbert 1905 diminutive of striatus (L.), furrowed, i.e., marked with small striae, presumably referring to gular membrane with a “black median streak, from which diverge forward and outward a number of fine parallel black lines” and/or silvery streak along each side of isthmus, “crossed with very fine parallel hair lines of black, which can be made out only by the aid of a lens”

Hymenocephalus torvus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 Latin for staring, presumably referring to its large, circular eyes, the “orbital rims greatly expanded”

Hymenocephalus yamasakiorum Nakayama, Endo & Schwarzhans 2015 -orum (L.) commemorative suffix, plural: in honor of Yasuko Yamasaki and her family, who operate a fishing trawler in Tosa Bay (Japan) and adjacent waters, providing a large number of fish specimens to Kochi University

Hymenocephalus (subgenus Papyrocephalus) Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 papyrus (L.), the paper plant Cyperus papyrus; cephalus, from kephalḗ (κεφαλή), head, referring to bony septae of skulls of H. aterrimus, H. barbatulus and H. payyraceus “exceedingly thin and papery”

Hymenocephalus aterrimus Gilbert 1905 superlative of ater (L.), black, i.e., very black, referring to its uniform black coloration

Hymenocephalus barbatulus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 diminutive of barbatus (L.), bearded, referring to its short barbel, shorter than pupil

Hymenocephalus fuscus McMillan & Iwamoto 2014 Latin for dark, dusky or swarthy, referring to its overall dark coloration

Hymenocephalus nesaeae Merrett & Iwamoto 2000 named for Nesaie, one of the Nereid sea nymphs in Greek mythology; no particular allusion or meaning, simply “a nice name that might have some bearing on the creature” (Tomio Iwamoto, pers. comm.)

Hymenocephalus papyraceus Jordan & Gilbert 1904 Latin for made of papyrus, i.e., papery, “crests on head very high, thin, and papery, bridged over by excessively delicate membrane”

Hymenocephalus sazonovi Schwarzhans 2014 in memory of Yuri I. Sazonov (1950–2002), curator of ichthyology, Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, for his many contributions to the knowledge of the family Macrouridae; he was also the first to examine the type specimens (with Tomio Iwamoto) in 1992

Hymenogadus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 hymeno-, proposed as a subgenus of Hymenocephalus; gadus, from gádos (γάδος), a hake, cod or similar gadiform fish

Hymenogadus gracilis (Gilbert & Hubbs 1920) Latin for thin or slender, referring to its slender body form

Hymenogadus tenuis (Gilbert & Hubbs 1917) Latin for thin or slender, allusion not explained but almost certainly referring to its slender body

Kumba Marshall 1973 anagram of the initials of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, whose research vessel Sarsia dredged the type species K. dentoni

Kumba calvifrons Iwamoto & Sazonov 1994 calvus (L.), bald; frons (L.), brow or forehead, referring to naked (scaleless) snout and forehead

Kumba dentoni Marshall 1973 in honor of marine biologist Eric James Denton (1923–2007), for his “fine explorations in bathybiophysics”

Kumba gymnorhynchus Iwamoto & Sazonov 1994 gymnós (γυμνός), bare or naked; rhynchus, from rhýnchos (ῥύγχος), snout, referring to its scaleless snout [a noun in apposition]

Kumba hebetata (Gilbert 1905) Latin for blunted or dulled, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to “short, cuboid” head with “very short” snout

Kumba japonica (Matsubara 1943) -ica (L.), belonging to: Kumano-Nada, Japan, type locality

Kumba maculisquama (Trunov 1981) macula (L.), spot; squama (L.), scale, referring to “isolated ‘islets’ of scales” (translation) in front of lower margin of anterior nostrils and above upper margin of posterior nostrils

Kumba musorstom Merrett & Iwamoto 2000 named for the acronym MUSORSTOM, for a series of exploratory cruises to the Indo-West Pacific region jointly sponsored by the Institut français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération (ORSTOM) and the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle

Kumba punctulata Iwamoto & Sazonov 1994 diminutive of punctum (L.), spot, i.e., having tiny spots or dotted, referring to dense covering of melanophores on head

Kuronezumia Iwamoto 1974 kuroi, Japanese for black or dark, referring to “swarthy to dark brown” coloration of K. bubonis, proposed as a subgenus of Nezumia

Kuronezumia bubonis (Iwamoto 1974) -is, genitive singular of bubo (Medieval Latin), tumor, from boubṓn (βουβών), a swelling, referring to light organ “peculiarly enlarged into a bulbous, scaly, wartlike structure”

Kuronezumia darus (Gilbert & Hubbs 1916) Latinization of dara, the “Japanese name of certain Macrouroid fishes” [often incorrectly spelled dara as if the name were an adjective]

Kuronezumia endoi Nakayama 2020 in honor of Hiromitsu Endo (b. 1964), Kochi University (Japan), for his contributions to our knowledge of gadiform systematics

Kuronezumia leonis (Barnard 1925) etymology not explained, perhaps genitive singular of leo (L.), lion, if so, allusion not evident; possibly an allusion to its original placement in Lionurus Günther 1887 (=Coryphaenoides), presumably derived from leī́os (λεῖος) smooth, referring to smooth cycloid scales (although the scales of this species, each with six spinules, can hardly be called smooth)

Kuronezumia macronema (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) macro-, from makrós (μακρός), long or large; nḗma (νῆμα), thread or yarn, referring to produced (extended) outer ventral-fin ray [originally spelled macronemus in the genus Macrourus, treated as an adjective by later workers]

Kuronezumia paepkei Shcherbachev, Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 in honor of Hans-Joachim Paepke (b. 1934), curator of ichthyology, Berlin Museum of Natural History, for loaning the specimens that initiated the authors’ study

Kuronezumia pallida Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 Latin for pale, referring to its pale coloration, contrasted with the dark-colored K. bubonis

Lepidorhynchus Richardson 1846 lepido-, from lepidōtós (λεπιδωτός), scaly; rhynchus, from rhýnchos (ῥύγχος), snout, allusion not explained, possibly referring to thin bony crests on snout and interorbital area

Lepidorhynchus denticulatus Richardson 1846 Latin for having small teeth or tooth-like notches (denticulate), allusion not explained, probably referring to “scales being armed on the exposed part of their disk by slender subulate or setaceous spines”

Lucigadus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 lux (L.), light, referring to possibility that L. lucifer has bioluminescent organs (it does); gadus, from gádos (γάδος), a hake, cod or similar gadiform fish

Lucigadus acrolophus Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 acro, from ákron (ἅκρον), summit, top or peak, and lophus, from lóphos (λόφος), mane or crest, said by authors to mean “crest or mountain ridge,” referring to submarine elevations in and around New Caledonia, where it occurs

Lucigadus borealis Iwamoto & Okamoto 2015 Latin for northern, the most-northerly member of the genus

Lucigadus lucifer (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) lux (L.), light; –fera (L.), having or bearing, referring to possibility that two lens-like organs, one between ventral fins and the other immediately before anus, may be bioluminescent (they are)

Lucigadus microlepis (Günther 1878) micro-, from mikrós (μικρός), small; lepís (λεπίς), scale, referring to its small, cycloid scales, 13 in a transverse series between first dorsal fin and lateral line

Lucigadus nigromaculatus (McCulloch 1907) nigro, from niger (L.), dark or black; maculatus (L.), spotted, referring to large round black spot on first dorsal fin

Lucigadus nigromarginatus (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) nigro, from niger (L.), dark or black; marginatus (L.), edged or bordered, referring to black margin along anterior ventral- and anterior anal-fin rays

Lucigadus ori (Smith 1968) named for ORI, the Oceanographic Research Institute (Durban, South Africa), whose research vessel David Davies collected holotype

Lucigadus potronus (Pequeño 1971) Latinization of potra, from the language of the Araucanian people of Chile, meaning hump or bulge, presumably referring to dorsal profile that steeply ascends to first dorsal spine then drops abruptly so that dorsal fin appears to be attached to posterior slope of a prominent hump

Lucigadus vittatus (Weber 1913) Latin for banded, referring to broad dark bands on body

Macrosmia Merrett, Sazonov & Shcherbachev 1983 macro-, from makrós (μακρός), long or large (in this case, distant); osmia, from osmē (ὀσμή), smell, referring to supposed sensory capability of highly developed olfactory organ of males

Macrosmia phalacra Merrett, Sazonov & Shcherbachev 1983 phalákra (φαλάκρα), bald-headed, referring to reduced squamation of the head

Macrourus Bloch 1786 macro-, from makrós (μακρός), long or large; urus, from ourá (οὐρά), tail, referring to long, rat-like tail, hence the occasional common name “rattail”

Macrourus berglax Lacepède 1801 Latinization of Norwegian vernacular for this and similar species, berg-laks, i.e., rock salmon, “from the connections [i.e., relationship] it seems to share with salmon … in the middle of the rocks [rocky habitat?] where they frequently rest” (translation) [see also Coryphaenoides rupestris]

Macrourus caml McMillan, Iwamoto, Stewart & Smith 2012 named for the Census of Antarctic Marine Life (CAML, pronounced “camel”), carried out during the International Polar Year in 2008, when holotype was collected from the Ross Sea slope, Antarctica

Macrourus carinatus (Günther 1878) Latin for keeled, referring to scales with a “very strong median keel”

Macrourus holotrachys Günther 1878 hólos (ὅλος), whole or entire; trachýs (τραχύς), jagged or rough, referring to each scale with a “median series of spinelets, and with two or more isolated spinelets besides,” and/or “irregular rough scales” covering top and sides of head

Macrourus whitsoni (Regan 1913) in honor of Thomas Barnby Whitson (1869–1948), Scottish accountant of the Scotia Committee; Scotia is ship that collected holotype during the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902–1904)

Malacocephalus Günther 1862 malakós (μαλακός), soft; cephalus, from kephalḗ (κεφαλή), head, presumably referring to head bones of M. laevis, described as “very thin and fragile”

Subgenus Malacocephalus

Malacocephalus laevis (Lowe 1843) Latin for smooth, referring to its “glossy, sleek or apparently naked appearance, caused by the fineness and minuteness of its areolæ or scales”

Malacocephalus luzonensis Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 -ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: off western Luzon Island, Philippines, type locality

Malacocephalus nipponensis Gilbert & Hubbs 1916 -ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Nippon, or Japan, where type locality (off eastern coast of central Hondo) is situated

Malacocephalus (subgenus Pawnurus) Parr 1946 etymology not explained, perhaps named for the yachts Pawnee I and Pawnee II, upon which owner Harry Payne Bingham (1887–1955) explored the Caribbean and Gulf of California, amassing a collection of marine organisms that Parr curated, the results of which (including description of this taxon) were published in the Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection; urus, from ourá (οὐρά), tail, presumably a general suffix for macrourids, referring to their long, rat-like tails

Malacocephalus boretzi Sazonov 1985 in honor of Russian ichthyologist Leonid Aleksandrovich Boretz (also spelled Borets), TINRO (Pacific Scientific Research Fisheries Centre), who collected type specimens and provided them for study

Malacocephalus occidentalis Goode & Bean 1885 Latin for western, described from off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, USA, in the western Atlantic (but also occurs in the eastern Atlantic)

Malacocephalus okamurai Iwamoto & Arai 1987 in honor of Osamu Okamura (Kochi University), for his “important” contributions to the knowledge of the family Macrouridae

Mataeocephalus Berg 1898 mátaios (μάταιος), empty; cephalus, from kephalḗ (κεφαλή), head, replacement name for Coelocephalus Gilbert & Cramer 1897, coelo-, from koī́los (κοῖλος), hollow (preoccupied in Coleoptera), presumably referring to expanded mucous chambers in the head associated with the sensory lateralis system; these chambers may give the visual impression of a hollow or empty head

Subgenus Mataeocephalus

Mataeocephalus acipenserinus (Gilbert & Cramer 1897) –inus (L.), adjectival suffix: Acipenser, sturgeon genus, i.e., sturgeon-like, presumably referring to sturgeon-like snout, “much depressed, flat, thin, projecting horizontally much beyond the mouth”

Mataeocephalus adustus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 Latin for sunburnt or brown, presumably referring to its light brown color in alcohol

Mataeocephalus cristatus Sazonov, Shcherbachev & Iwamoto 2003 Latin for crested, referring to slightly enlarged middle row of spinules on most body scales

Mataeocephalus tenuicauda (Garman 1899) tenuis (L.), thin or slender; cauda (L.), tail, referring to its “very slender” tail

Mataeocephalus (subgenus Hyomacrurus) Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 hyos (ὗς), hog, presumably referring to fleshy lips of the type species, M. hyostomus; macrurus, a macrourid fish, from Macrourus, type genus of family

Mataeocephalus hyostomus (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) hog-mouthed, from hyos (ὗς), hog, and stóma (στόμα), mouth, presumably referring to its “fleshy” lips

Mataeocephalus kotlyari Sazonov, Shcherbachev & Iwamoto 2003 in honor of colleague Alexander Kotlyar (b. 1950), P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, for his contributions to the knowledge of deep-sea fishes and his “untiring efforts” in collecting them, including specimens studied by the authors

Mesovagus Nakayama & Endo 2016 mésos (μέσος), middle; vagus (L.), wanderering, referring to bathypelagic habitat of genus [replacement name for Mesobius Hubbs & Iwamoto 1977, preoccupied in centipedes; original name also referred to its bathypelagic habitat]

Mesovagus antipodum (Hubbs & Iwamoto 1977) antipódōn (ἀντιπόδων), genitive plural of antipódes (ἀντίποδες), antipodeans, “referring to persons dwelling at opposite points of the globe,” probably referring to New Zealand occurrence of type specimen and presumed distribution across the Southern Hemisphere

Mesovagus berryi (Hubbs & Iwamoto 1977) in honor of American marine biologist Frederick H. Berry (1927–2001), National Marine Fisheries Service, who first collected this species and brought it to Hubbs’ attention

Nezumia Jordan 1904 nezumi, Japanese for rat, referring to long, rat-like tail

Nezumia aequalis (Günther 1878) Latin for equal, referring to how scales are “equally rough over the whole of their surface”

Nezumia africana (Iwamoto 1970) –ica (L.), belonging to: Africa, described from the Gulf of Guinea off Liberia

Nezumia aspidentata Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 asper (L.), rough; dentata (L.), toothed, referring to prominent cardiform bands of teeth in the jaws

Nezumia atlantica (Parr 1946) –ica (L.), belonging to: possibly referring to the Atlantis oceanographic station in the Gulf of Mexico, type locality

Nezumia bairdii (Goode & Bean 1877) in honor of Spencer Fullerton Baird (1823–1887), Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Director of the U.S. National Museum, and U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, the latter of which sponsored expedition that collected holotype

Nezumia brevibarbata (Barnard 1925) brevis (L.), short; barbata (L.), bearded, referring to shorter barbels compared with the similar N. brevirostris

Nezumia brevirostris (Alcock 1889) brevis (L.), short; rostris, Neo-Latin scientific adjective of rostrum (L.), snout, referring to its “conspicuously short” snout

Nezumia burragei (Gilbert 1905) in honor of Lieut. G. H. Burrage (1867–1954), United States Navy, navigating and executive officer of the Albatross (which collected holotype), who greatly contributed to the success of the expedition

Nezumia cliveri Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 in honor of Clive D. Roberts, i.e., Clive R[oberts] (b. 1952), Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, who collected holotype and many other grenadiers and made them available for study

Nezumia coheni Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 in honor of American ichthyologist Daniel M. Cohen (1930–2017), Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, “esteemed colleague and fellow student of deep-sea fishes”

Nezumia condylura Jordan & Gilbert 1904 Condylura, genus of the Star-nosed Mole, presumably referring to this grenadier’s mole-like snout, which terminates in a “median and a pair of lateral tubercles bearing rosettes of short spines”

Nezumia convergens (Garman 1899) Latin for convergent, referring to keel-like series of small sharp spines on scales, the outer series “somewhat convergent [coming closer together] backward to the stronger median series”

Nezumia cyrano Marshall & Iwamoto 1973 etymology not explained but almost certainly referring to Cyrano de Bergerac, main character in an 1897 comedy by Edmond Rostand, characterized by his large nose, alluding to its “relatively long” snout

Nezumia duodecim Iwamoto 1970 Latin for twelve, referring to the usual number of pelvic-fin rays

Nezumia ectenes (Gilbert & Cramer 1897) ektenḗs (ἐκτενής), stretched out or extended, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to compressed body with “very slender” tail

Nezumia evides (Gilbert & Hubbs 1920) Latinized from eueidḗs (εὐειδής), comely, described as a “pretty little species”

Nezumia holocentra (Gilbert & Cramer 1897) holo-, entire; centra, from kéntron (κέντρον), any sharp point, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to “25 to 50 very long slender backwardly directed spinelets” on scales [probably a noun but historically treated as an adjective]

Nezumia infranudis (Gilbert & Hubbs 1920) infram (L.), underneath or below; nudis, dative/ablative plural form of nudus (L.), bare or naked, referring to scaleless undersurface of head

Nezumia investigatoris (Alcock 1889) –is (L.), genitive singular of: HM Indian Marine Survey steamer Investigator, which collected holotype

Nezumia kamoharai Okamura 1970 eponym not identified, probably in honor of ichthyologist Toshiji Kamohara (1901–1972), Kochi University, who offered “pertinent criticism and helpful advice”

Nezumia kapala Iwamoto & Williams 1999 named for the former New South Wales Fisheries research vessel Kapala, which collected holotype and many other grenadiers from the region

Nezumia kensmithi Wilson 2001 in honor of Kenneth L. Smith, Jr., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, who has “contributed significantly to our knowledge of the ecology and behavior of deep-sea fishes, particularly macrourids, and to our general knowledge of the biology of Pacific Ocean seamounts, including Fieberling Guyot,” where this species occurs

Nezumia latirostrata (Garman 1899) latus (L.), wide or broad; rostratus (L.), beaked, referring to its wide snout, wider than the similar N. convergens

Nezumia leucoura Iwamoto & Williams 1999 leukós (λευκός), white; ourá (οὐρά), tail, referring to pale tip of tail

Nezumia liolepis (Gilbert 1890) leī́os (λεῖος) smooth; lepίs (λεπίς), scale, referring to undeveloped spines on scales, only traces of which can be observed

Nezumia longebarbata (Roule & Angel 1933) longus (L.), long; barbata (L.), bearded, proposed as a subspecies of Lionorus (now Sphagemacrurus) pumiliceps, referring to its longer chin barbel

Nezumia loricata (Garman 1899) Latin for armored or clothed in mail, referring to spiny scales, which “form an armature” on head and snout “quite as rough and heavy as on the body”

Nezumia loricata atomos Iwamoto 1979 Greek (ἄτομος) for indivisible or uncut, referring to terminal snout not divided into distinctly separated halves, unlike nominate form

Nezumia merretti Iwamoto & Williams 1999 in honor of British Zoologist Nigel R. Merrett (b. 1940), British Museum, friend and colleague, for his contributions to deep-sea biology

Nezumia micronychodon Iwamoto 1970 micro-, from mikrós (μικρός), small; ónyx (ὄνυξ), talon or claw; odon, Latinized and grammatically adjusted from the Greek nominative ὀδούς (odoús), tooth, referring to small, claw-like teeth

Nezumia milleri Iwamoto 1973 in honor of American zoologist George C. Miller, National Marine Fisheries Service, whose collecting efforts off Angola provided specimens for Iwamoto, including holotype of this species

Nezumia namatahi McCann & McKnight 1980 nama tahi, a Maori phrase for this New Zealand fish, meaning “number one,” allusion not explained nor evident

Nezumia obliquata (Gilbert 1905) Latin for oblique, referring to “snout terminating in a very spinous tubercle directed very obliquely upward”

Nezumia orbitalis (Garman 1899) Latin for orbital, presumably referring to how posterior half of orbit appears “subcircular or deeper”

Nezumia parini Hubbs & Iwamoto 1977 in honor of “esteemed” colleague Nikolai Vasil’evich Parin (1932–2012), Russian Academy of Sciences, who also recognized this species as undescribed and “very generously” provided his specimens to the authors

Nezumia polylepis (Alcock 1889) polý (πολύ), many; lepίs (λεπίς), scale, referring to small and therefore more numerous scales above lateral line in contrast to most of the species Alcock included in the genus Macrourus

Nezumia propinqua (Gilbert & Cramer 1897) Latin for resembling or akin, presumably referring to similarity to and/or close relationship with N. holocentra, described in the same paper

Nezumia proxima (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) Latin for nearest or next, allusion not explained; per Gilbert & Hubbs (1920), refers to “supposed close relationship” with Coryphaenoides nasutus, its presumed congener at the time

Nezumia pudens Gilbert & Thompson 1916 Latin for modest, humble, reserved or discreet, allusion not explained nor evident

Nezumia pulchella (Pequeño 1971) diminutive of pulcher (L.), beautiful, “one of the most beautiful macrourids, both for its blue-purple color as it comes out of the sea, as well as for its lines, devoid of rough ridges, which are so common in these animals” (translation)

Nezumia rara Nakayama 2020 Latin for rare or thinly scattered, referring to its “very rare” occurrence

Nezumia sclerorhynchus (Valenciennes 1838) sclero-, from sklērós (σκληρός), tough or hard; rhynchus, from rhýnchos (ῥύγχος), snout, presumably referring to rough protuberance at end of conically projecting snout

Nezumia semiquincunciata (Alcock 1889) semi-, from semis (L.), a half or moiety; quincunx, a geometric pattern consisting of five coplanar points, allusion not explained, presumably referring in some way to arrangement of, or pattern formed by, “spinigerous imbricating scales” on body

Nezumia shinoharai Nakayama & Endo 2012 in honor of Japanese ichthyologist Gento Shinohara, National Museum of Nature and Science (Tokyo), for his “great” contributions to our knowledge of deep-sea fishes around Japan

Nezumia soela Iwamoto & Williams 1999 named for former CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) fisheries research vessel Soela, which collected many of the specimens the authors used in their study of western Australian grenadiers

Nezumia spinosa (Gilbert & Hubbs 1916) Latin for thorny, referring to longer dorsal-fin spine and/or longer scale spinules compared with N. proxima

Nezumia stelgidolepis (Gilbert 1890) stlengís (στλεγγίς), scraper; lepίs (λεπίς), scale, referring to scales “thickly beset with spines”

Nezumia suilla Marshall & Iwamoto 1973 Latin for pork, allusion not explained; according to Tomio Iwamoto (pers. comm.), Marshall liked to call grenadiers “snoot nose,” presumably referring to their protruding snout and supposed feeding habit of rooting around along the deep-sea bottom the way a pig roots in mud

Nezumia tinro Sazonov 1985 named for TINRO, Pacific Scientific Research Fisheries Centre, which organized expedition during which holotype was collected

Nezumia tomiyamai (Okamura 1963) in honor of ichthyologist Ichiro (sometimes spelled Itiro) Tomiyama (1906–1981), Tokyo University, for his “kindness” in letting Okamura examine his “precious” collection

Nezumia umbracincta Iwamoto & Anderson 1994 umbra (L.), in the shade; cincta (L.), belted or girdled, referring to broad dark band encircling body

Nezumia ventralis Hubbs & Iwamoto 1979 Latin for of the belly, referring to its well-developed ventral light organ

Nezumia wularnia Iwamoto & Williams 1999 from Yindjibarndi (Indigenous Australian) word meaning “from the west,” known only from off Western Australia, from Exmouth Plateau to west of Mandurah

Odontomacrurus Norman 1939 odontos, from odoús (ὀδούς), tooth, presumably referring to strong, curved and “canine-like” uniserial teeth in both jaws; macrurus, a macrourid fish, from Macrourus, type genus of family

Odontomacrurus murrayi Norman 1939 in honor of John Murray (1841–1914), Canadian-born Scottish marine biologist (and later founder of modern oceanography), president and treasurer of the John Murray Expedition, during which holotype was collected

Pseudocetonurus Sazonov & Shcherbachev 1982 pseudo-, from pseúdēs (ψεύδης), false, referring to similarity to Cetonurus (without, however, indicating a close kinship)

Pseudocetonurus septifer Sazonov & Shcherbachev 1982 septum (L.), something that encloses; –ifer, from fero (L.), to have or bear, referring to “strongly developed and clearly noticeable septa in the postorbital seismosensory canal” (translation)

Pseudonezumia Okamura 1970 pseudo-, from pseúdēs (ψεύδης), false, i.e., although it “approaches” Nezumia in “general physiognomy” and other characters, such an appearance is false

Pseudonezumia cetonuropsis (Gilbert & Hubbs 1916) ópsis (ὄψις), appearance, “apparently related to Cetonurus, as their common characters indicate”

Pseudonezumia flagellicauda (Koefoed 1927) diminutive of flagrum (L.), whip; cauda (L.), tail, referring to how body gradually tapers to a long, slender tail, which is almost string-like posteriorly

Pseudonezumia japonicus Okamura 1970 -icus (L.), belonging to: Japan, where type locality (off Choshi, Chiba Prefecture) is situated

Pseudonezumia occidentalis (Iwamoto 1979) Latin for western, referring to its occurrence in the southeastern Pacific compared with Echinomacrurus mollis, its presumed congener at time of description, which is known only from the eastern North Atlantic and western Indian oceans

Pseudonezumia parvipes (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) parvus (L.), little; pes (L.), foot (homologous to the ventral fin), referring to its small ventral fins, their “rays reduced in number”

Pseudonezumia pusilla (Sazonov & Shcherbachev 1982) Latin for very small, referring to very small size (up to 25 cm TL) of sexually mature specimens compared with congeners

Sphagemacrurus Fowler 1925 sphágos (σφάγος), throat, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to forward position of pelvic fins of S. hirundo to near or on throat; macrurus, a macrourid fish, from Macrourus, type genus of family

Sphagemacrurus decimalis (Gilbert & Hubbs 1920) Latin for ten, referring to 10 ventral-fin rays

Sphagemacrurus gibber (Gilbert & Cramer 1897) Latin for gibbous or humpbacked, referring to dorsal profile, which “ascends somewhat to origin of first dorsal, drops abruptly under this fin, which is therefore attached to the posterior slope of a prominent hump”

Sphagemacrurus grenadae (Parr 1946) of Grenada, referring to type locality off coast of Grenada in the Caribbean Sea [named suggested on a museum specimen label; said Parr, “The specific name is retained in courtesy to the anonymous ichthyologist who first realized that he had a new species before him.”]

Sphagemacrurus hirundo (Collett 1896) Latin for swallow (bird), from L’Hirondelle, Prince Albert of Monaco’s yacht, which collected holotype

Sphagemacrurus pumiliceps (Alcock 1894) pumila (L.), dwarfish; –ceps (Neo-Latin), headed, referring to its “singularly small” head, its length ~1/8 length of body

Sphagemacrurus richardi (Weber 1913) patronym not identified, probably in honor of Jules Richard (1863–1945), scientific director, Oceanographic Institute of Monaco; he published a series of papers on the instruments of deep-sea exploration, which Weber cited in his 1902 introductory Siboga expedition report [see also Hymenocephalus grimaldii]

Spicomacrurus Okamura 1970 etymology not explained, possibly from spico (L.), to furnish with spikes, or spica (L.), point or spike, referring to dart-like shape of S. kuronumai; macrurus, a macrourid fish, from Macrourus, type genus of family

Spicomacrurus adelscotti (Iwamoto & Merrett 1997) of Adelscott, a “notably fine French ale” with which the authors celebrated the discovery of this species [see Ventrifossa vinolenta for another alcohol-inspired name by the same authors]

Spicomacrurus dictyogadus Iwamoto, Shao & Ho 2011 díktyon (δίκτυον), net or mesh, referring to net- or mesh-like epithelium of gular membrane; gadus, from gádos (γάδος), a hake, cod or similar gadiform fish

Spicomacrurus kuronumai (Kamohara 1938) in honor of Japanese ichthyologist Katsuzô Kuronuma (1908–1992), then a Master’s student at the University of Michigan, who helped Kamohara in “various ways”

Spicomacrurus mccoskeri Iwamoto, Shao & Ho 2011 in honor of John E. McCosker (b. 1945), California Academy of Sciences, “intrepid adventurer, diver, raconteur, expert fly fisherman, conservationist, ichthyological colleague and friend”

Trachonurus Günther 1887 tracho, from trachýs (τραχύς), jagged or rough, referring to how skin of T. villosus is “densely studded with erect spines”; –urus, proposed as a subgenus of Macrourus

Trachonurus gagates Iwamoto & McMillan 1997 gagā́tēs (γαγᾱ́της), jet, a type of lignite coal that is black or dark brown (hence the adjective “jet black”); authors translate word as “velvety black,” referring to dark scales covering body

Trachonurus robinsi Iwamoto 1997 in honor of C. Richard Robins (1928–2020), “esteemed ichthyologist, mentor, and compassionate human”

Trachonurus sentipellis Gilbert & Cramer 1897 sentis (L.), thorn; pellis (L.), skin or hide, referring to “strong spinelets” on scales

Trachonurus sulcatus (Goode & Bean 1885) Latin for furrowed or grooved, referring to 8–10 spinelets on scales, “which feel bristly to the touch, separated by wide deep furrows (hence the specific name)”

Trachonurus villosus (Günther 1877) Latin for hairy or shaggy (villous), referring to erect spines on skin, “which give to the body and head the appearance of being covered with short villosities”

Trachonurus yiwardaus Iwamoto & Williams 1999 from the Yindjibamdi (Indigenous Australian) word for ashes, referring to its grayish color

Ventrifossa Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 referring to scaleless fossa between ventral fins of V. garmani

Subgenus Ventrifossa

Ventrifossa ctenomelas (Gilbert & Cramer 1897) cteno, from ktenós (κτενός), comb; mélas (μέλας), black, referring to brownish-black branchiostegal membranes

Ventrifossa divergens Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 Latin for spreading or divergent, referring to how it differs from V. garmani, its “representative in Japan”

Ventrifossa garmani (Jordan & Gilbert 1904) in honor of American ichthyologist-herpetologist Samuel Garman (1843–1927)

Ventrifossa gomoni Iwamoto & Williams 1999 in honor of “ichthyological friend and colleague” Martin F. Gomon (b. 1945), senior curator of fishes, Museum of Victoria (Melbourne)

Ventrifossa longibarbata Okamura 1982 longus (L.), long; barbatus (L.), bearded, referring to its long and slender barbel

Ventrifossa macropogon Marshall 1973 macro-, from makrós (μακρός), long or large; pṓgōn (πώγων), beard, referring to longer barbel compared with V. mucocephalus

Ventrifossa mucocephalus Marshall 1973 mucus (L.), slime or mucous; cephalus, from kephalḗ (κεφαλή), head, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to a somewhat more inflated head compared with congeners, with spaces in the head filled with mucous

Ventrifossa mystax Iwamoto & Anderson 1994 mýstax (μύσταξ), moustache, referring to characteristic black blotch on ascending process of premaxillae

Ventrifossa nasuta (Smith 1935) Latin for long-nosed, referring to its more elongated snout compared with other South African species of Lionurus (original genus) known at the time

Ventrifossa nigrodorsalis Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 nigro-, from niger (L.), dark or black; dorsalis (L.), of the back, referring to black spot on first dorsal fin

Ventrifossa obtusirostris Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 obtusus (L.), blunt or dull; rostris, Neo-Latin scientific adjective of rostrum (L.), snout, referring to its short, blunt snout compared with congeners

Ventrifossa paxtoni Iwamoto & Williams 1999 in honor of American-born Australian ichthyologist John R. Paxton (1938–2023), Australian Museum (Sydney), for his many contributions to ichthyology

Ventrifossa petersonii (Alcock 1891) in honor of E. Peterson, gunner aboard the Investigator (which collected holotype), “whose unabating zeal on behalf of our zoological collections led on one occasion to his getting his fingers almost amputated by the dredging-wire, and on another occasion to his falling overboard almost into the mouth of a shark”

Ventrifossa rhipidodorsalis Okamura 1984 rhipid, combining form of rhipís (ῥιπίς), fan; dorsalis (L.), of the back, allusion unclear; per Okamura, name refers to “first dorsal fin colored by black and white” (perhaps resembling a Japanese folding fan?)

Ventrifossa saikaiensis Okamura 1984 -ensis, Latin suffix denoting place: Saikai or Seikai, Japanese name for northern part of East China Sea, type locality

Ventrifossa teres Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 Latin for rounded or cylindrical (terete), referring to its slender, cylindrical body

Ventrifossa vinolenta Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 Latin for drunk on wine, but also meaning wine-colored, referring to overall tint of trunk and tail of this species, and the nose of the second author [see Spicomacrurus adelscotti, above, for another alcohol-inspired name by the same authors]

Ventrifossa (subgenus Atherodus) Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 named for V. atherodon, type species of subgenus

Ventrifossa atherodon (Gilbert & Cramer 1897) athḗr (ἀθήρ), point or barb of a weapon; odon, from odoús (ὀδούς), tooth, referring to “outer series of widely set canines with distinctly arrow-shaped tips” on premaxillary

Ventrifossa macrodon Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 macro-, from makrós (μακρός), long or large; odon, from odoús (ὀδούς), tooth, referring to enlarged teeth in outer row of premaxillary (“a not uncommon character in this genus”)

Ventrifossa macroptera Okamura 1982 macro-, from makrós (μακρός), long or large; ptera, from pterón (πτερόν) or ptéryx (πτέρυξ), fin, referring to its long pectoral fin, >2/3 of head length

Ventrifossa sazonovi Iwamoto & Williams 1999 in honor of “Russian colleague and fellow student of grenadiers” Yuri I. Sazanov (1950–2002), curator of ichthyology, Zoological Museum, Moscow State University

Ventrifossa (subgenus Sokodara) Iwamoto 1979 Japanese name for grenadiers

Ventrifossa johnboborum Iwamoto 1982 –orum (L.), commemorative suffix, plural: in honor of ichthyologists John R. Paxton (1938–2023) Australian Museum (Sydney), and Robert “Bob” J. Lavenberg (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, USA), who first recognized this species as new

Ventrifossa misakia (Jordan & Gilbert 1904) -ia (L.) suffix, belonging to: near Misaki, Japan, type locality (authors define Misaki as “red point, a headland at the mouth of the bay of Sagami, famous for zoological work”)