COMMENTS
v. 5.0 – 23 Aug. 2023 view/download PDF
Family MACROURIDAE Grenadiers or Rattails
39 genera/subgenera · 377 species/subspecies
Asthenomacrurus Sazonov & Shcherbachev 1982 asthenos, weak, referring to “brittle and easily deformed skeleton” (translation) and small size of A. victoris; Macrourus, type genus of family
Asthenomacrurus fragilis (Garman 1899) fragile or brittle, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to brittle and easily deformed skeleton (see genus), its weak head bones, and/or its scales, described as “small, thin, deciduous”
Asthenomacrurus victoris Sazonov & Shcherbachev 1982 –is, genitive singular of: ichthyologist Viktor Markelovich Makushok (1924-1993, sometimes spelled Makushek and Makushuk), Institute of Oceanology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, who described Coryphaenoides subserrulatus in 1976
Cetonurichthys Sazanov & Shcherbachev 1982 Cetonurus, similar to that genus in a number of characters, particularly enlarged scales along base of second dorsal fin; ichthys, fish
Cetonurichthys subinflatus Sazonov & Shcherbachev 1982 sub, less than; inflatus, inflated, referring to how seismosensory canals of head are less inflated than in related genera
Cetonurus Günther 1887 cetio-, large, referring to “exceedingly large and thick” head of C. crassiceps; –urus, proposed as a subgenus of Macrourus
Cetonurus crassiceps (Günther 1878) crassus, thick, fat or stout; ceps, head, referring to “very large head, especially the anterior portion”
Cetonurus globiceps (Vaillant 1884) globus, globe or sphere; cephalus, head, referring to globular shape of head
Coelorinchus Giorna 1809 coelo-, hollow; rhynchus, snout, referring to cavernous nature of snout of C. caelorhinchus (all macrourids have expanded mucous chambers in the head associated with the sensory lateralis system; these chambers may give the visual impression of a hollow or empty head)
Subgenus Coelorinchus
Coelorinchus acantholepis Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 acanthus, thorn or spine; lepis, scale, referring to spinules on scales
Coelorinchus aconcagua Iwamoto 1978 Aconcagua (in the Andes of Argentina), the highest peak of the Western Hemisphere, “beneath the shadows of which the holotype was captured” off the Pacific Coast of Chile
Coelorinchus acutirostris Smith & Radcliffe 1912 acutus, sharp or pointed; rostris, snout, referring to its “very narrow, needle-like” snout
Coelorinchus amydrozosterus Iwamoto & Williams 1999 amydros, indistinct or obscure; zosteros, belt or girdle, referring to faint bands on body
Coelorinchus anatirostris Jordan & Gilbert 1904 anatis, duck-like; rostris, beak, referring to snout, “shaped like a duck’s bill”
Coelorinchus argus Weber 1913 Argus, mythical hundred-eyed guardian of Io, whose eyes after death where transformed into the feathers of a peacock, referring to light-edged ocellus between dorsal and pectoral fins
Coelorinchus aspercephalus Waite 1911 asper, rough; cephalus, head, i.e., “head is everywhere roughened without distinct scales”
Coelorinchus australis (Richardson 1839) southern, referring to its distribution off southern Australia, “an example of a genus [then Lepidoleprus] which had not previously been detected in the southern hemisphere”
Coelorinchus biclinozonalis Arai & McMillan 1982 bi-, two; clino-, slant; zonalis, belt, referring to two dark slanted bands (or belts) on body
Coelorinchus bollonsi McCann & McKnight 1980 patronym not identified, probably in honor of John Peter Bollons (1862-1929), New Zealand marine captain, naturalist and ethnographer
Coelorinchus caelorhincus caelorhincus (Risso 1810) caelo-, variant spelling of coelo-, hollow (reflecting its French vernacular name at the time, Le Cælorinque), referring to cavernous nature of its snout (all macrourids have expanded mucous chambers in the head associated with the sensory lateralis system; these chambers may give the visual impression of a hollow or empty head)
Coelorinchus caelorhincus carminatus (Goode 1880) –atus, having the nature of: carmen, a wool card, referring to long, vitreous spines arranged in 9-10 rows on scales, in which the scales resembled “old-fashioned wool cards”
Coelorinchus campbellicus McCann & McKnight 1980 –icus, belonging to: Campbell Plateau, near New Zealand, type locality
Coelorinchus canus (Garman 1899) grayish white, presumably referring to “more or less of silver especially on the sides of the body chamber” and/or silvery, translucent head
Coelorinchus caribbaeus (Goode & Bean 1885) according to Goode & Bean 1896: referring to occurrence in Caribbean Sea (although most of type series was collected from the Gulf of Mexico)
Coelorinchus carinifer Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 carina, keel; –ifer, to bear, referring to 7-10 carinae on each scale of the body
Coelorinchus caudani (Köhler 1896) in honor of the French steamer Caudan, from which type was collected
Coelorinchus celaenostoma McMillan & Paulin 1993 kelainos, black; stoma, mouth, referring to its black lips
Coelorinchus charius Iwamoto & Williams 1999 charieis, Greek for graceful, allusion not explained; “We had no particular reason for calling the fish ‘graceful’ except that we thought it was a nice name. The term could very well apply to most grenadiers, as their long tapering tail lends to a graceful swimming motion” (Tomio Iwamoto, pers. comm.)
Coelorinchus chilensis Gilbert & Thompson 1916 –ensis, suffix denoting place: off Lota, Chile, type locality
Coelorinchus commutabilis Smith & Radcliffe 1912 variable, referring to infraspecific variability in the form, length and scaling of the snout, falling “quite readily into one of several groups, each of which, had it been found alone in a separate locality, would have been regarded without doubt as representing a distinct species” (the five forms are now recognized as four species)
Coelorinchus cookianus McCann & McKnight 1980 anus, belonging to: patronym not identified, probably in honor of James Cook (1728-1779), British explorer, navigator, cartographer and naval captain, whose 1769 arrival in New Zealand (where this species occurs) marked the beginning of ichthyology and scientific fish collecting in that country
Coelorinchus dorsalis Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 referring to its high dorsal fin
Coelorinchus fasciatus (Günther 1878) banded, referring to broad irregular blackish bands across the back
Coelorinchus flabellispinis (Alcock 1894) flabellum, fan; spinis, spine, probably referring to 3-8 “strong widely radiating spiniferous ribs” on scales of head and “usually eight similar great spiniferous ribs, the radiate arrangement of which, though very distinct, is not quite so marked” on body and tail [initially spelled flabellispinnis, which would mean “fanned fin,” presumably a printer’s error]
Coelorinchus geronimo Marshall & Iwamoto 1973 named for the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (now the National Marine Fisheries Service) research vessel Geronimo, which conducted fishery and oceanographic investigations in the tropical Atlantic Ocean (1663-1970) and which made the largest collection of grenadiers from the Gulf of Guinea that Iwamoto examined (Tomio Iwamoto, pers. comm.), although it should be noted that holotype of this species was collected by its sister ship, Undaunted
Coelorinchus goobala Iwamoto & Williams 1999 Bardi (Indigenous Australian) word for star, referring to spinules on scales of median nasal ridge, which are, as in C. asteroides (=hige), arranged in rows radiating from a central point
Coelorinchus gormani Iwamoto & Graham 2008 in honor of fishery scientist Terry Gorman, who pioneered deepwater fishery research in the 1970s and 1980s with the New South Wales FRV [Fisheries Research Vessel] Kapala; it was from collections made during this research that the extent of the southeast Australian grenadier fauna came to the attention of the authors
Coelorinchus hexafasciatus Okamura 1982 hexa-, six; fasciatus, banded, referring to 6-7 wide crossbands on body
Coelorinchus hige Matsubara 1943 Japanese word for beard or mustache and for members of the genus, probably referring to their chin barbel
Coelorinchus hoangi Iwamoto & Graham 2008 in honor of friend and patron Tuan Hoang, M.D., for his “long and enthusiastic support” of ichthyology at the California Academy of Sciences (where Iwamoto is Curator of Ichthyology, Emeritus)
Coelorinchus horribilis McMillan & Paulin 1993 dreadful, referring to its “unaesthetic” coloration
Coelorinchus immaculatus Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 im-, not; maculosus, spotted, referring to lack of distinctive color pattern, in contrast to two other grenadiers from the Nazca and Sala y Gomez ridges, C. spilonotus and C. multifasciatus, which have prominent blotches on their bodies
Coelorinchus infuscus McMillan & Paulin 1993 dusky, referring to its coloration
Coelorinchus innotabilis McCulloch 1907 im-, not; notabilis, remarkable or notable; McCulloch noted “it is impossible to be quite certain of its determination” without more specimens for study
Coelorinchus inventionis Prokofiev, Iwamoto & Mishin 2022 Latin for invention or discovery, referring to Discovery Tablemount, southeastern Atlantic Ocean (type locality), in turn named in honor of the British oceanographic vessel Discovery
Coelorinchus japonicus (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) Japanese, originally known from bays in Ōmura and Shimabara, Japan (but occurring throughout Indo-West Pacific)
Coelorinchus jordani Smith & Pope 1906 in honor of David Starr Jordan (1851-1931), for his “prolific studies of the Japanese fish fauna”
Coelorinchus kaiyomaru Arai & Iwamoto 1979 named for the research vessel Kaiyo Maru of the Japanese Fisheries Agency, from which type was collected
Coelorinchus karrerae Trunov 1984 in honor of German ichthyologist Christine Karrer, who first drew attention to this species among fishes collected by August Brauer during the Valdivia Expedition (1888-1899) to subantarctic seas
Coelorinchus kishinouyei Jordan & Snyder 1900 in honor of Kamakichi Kishinouye (1867-1929), head of the Imperial Fisheries Bureau of Japan, who gave Jordan a number of gobies and other small Japanese fishes for study
Coelorinchus lanceolatus Nakayama 2020 armed with a lance, referring to long snout tipped with a “spearhead-shaped” scute
Coelorinchus lasti Iwamoto & Williams 1999 in honor of Peter R. Last, CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Research, for his contributions to Australian ichthyology
Coelorinchus leptorhinus Chiou, Shao & Iwamoto 2004 leptos, slender; rhinos, nose, referring to its sharply pointed snout
Coelorinchus macrochir (Günther 1877) macro-, long or large; cheiros, hand, referring to “remarkably long” pectoral fin, extending to origin of second dorsal fin
Coelorinchus macrolepis Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 macro-, long or large; lepis, scale, referring to its large scales, larger than other species in the C. notatus group
Coelorinchus macrorhynchus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 macro-, long or large; rhynchus, snout, more than twice as long as orbit
Coelorinchus maculatus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 spotted, referring to large blackish spot located just above and behind pectoral fin
Coelorinchus marinii Hubbs 1934 in honor of Argentine ichthyologist Tomás L. Marini (1902-1984), who gave type specimen to Hubbs and allowed him to describe it
Coelorinchus matamua (McCann & McKnight 1980) a Maori word for this New Zealand fish, meaning first, high, exalted or firstborn, allusion not explained nor evident
Coelorinchus maurofasciatus McMillan & Paulin 1993 mauro-, dark; fasciatus, banded, referring to grayish-brown to black saddle marks
Coelorinchus mirus McCulloch 1926 weird or wonderful, allusion not explained nor evident
Coelorinchus mystax McMillan & Paulin 1993 mustache, referring to well-developed papillae on lips
Coelorinchus nazcaensis Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 –ensis, suffix denoting place: Nazca Ridge, southeastern Pacific, type locality
Coelorinchus notatus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 marked, referring to a large circular dark brown area extending from pectoral base upward to lateral line and/or a broad saddle of similar color extending across back behind origin of second dorsal
Coelorinchus nox Nakayama 2020 darkness, referring to its characteristic dark (uniformly dark-brown) coloration
Coelorinchus okamurai Nakayama & Endo 2017 in honor of the late Osamu Okamura (Kochi University), who collected type in 1972
Coelorinchus oliverianus Phillipps 1927 –anus, belonging to: Walter Reginald Brook Oliver (1883-1957), naturalist and museum coordinator, who received type specimens from fishermen and gave them to the New Zealand Dominion Museum
Coelorinchus osipullus McMillan & Iwamoto 2009 os, mouth; pullus, dusky or dark-colored, referring to its dark gums
Coelorinchus parvifasciatus McMillan & Paulin 1993 parvus, small; fasciatus, banded, referring to “short faint banded color pattern”
Coelorinchus platorhynchus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 platy, broad; rhynchus, snout, described as “short, broad”
Coelorinchus polli Marshall & Iwamoto 1973 in honor of Belgian ichthyologist Max Poll (1908-1991), who noted this species in 1953 but did not describe it
Coelorinchus pseudoparallelus Trunov 1983 pseudo-, false, i.e., although similar to C. parallelus in form, and position of ctenii on scales of trunk, such an appearance is false
Coelorinchus quadricristatus (Alcock 1891) quadri-, four; cristatus, crested, referring to two “strongly related ridges” traversing both sides of posterior half of head, comprising “either bony crests or the modified spines of scales that are indetachably adherent to the bones beneath”
Coelorinchus radcliffei Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 in honor of ichthyologist-malacologist Lewis Radcliffe (1880-1950), scientific assistant for the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, who, with Hugh M. Smith, described many new macrouroid species obtained during the Philippine cruise of the fisheries steamer Albatross
Coelorinchus scaphopsis (Gilbert 1890) scapho-, shovel; opsis, face, presumably referring to its flattened snout
Coelorinchus sereti Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 in honor of Bernard Séret (b. 1949), ORSTOM (Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique d’Outre-Mer), for his studies of deep-sea fishes, for collecting deep-sea fishes off New Caledonia, and for making grenadiers from these collections available to the authors
Coelorinchus sexradiatus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 sex, six; radiatus, rayed, referring to six ventral-fin rays
Coelorinchus shcherbachevi Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 in honor of ichthyologist Yuri Nikolayevich Shcherbachev (Institute of Oceanology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR), “friend, colleague, and fellow student of grenadiers”
Coelorinchus simorhynchus Iwamoto & Anderson 1994 simus, snub-nosed; rhynchus, snout, referring to its “notably short and blunt” snout
Coelorinchus smithi Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 in honor of ichthyologist Hugh M. Smith (1865-1941), then U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, who made the entire collection fishes obtained by Philippine cruise of the fisheries steamer Albatross available to the authors
Coelorinchus spathulatus McMillan & Paulin 1993 broad blade (i.e., spatula), referring to its broad, flattened snout
Coelorinchus supernasutus McMillan & Paulin 1993 super, super; nasutus, nosed, referring to its “extremely large” snout
Coelorinchus thurla Iwamoto & Williams 1999 Yindjibamdi (Indigenous Australian) word meaning eye, referring to characteristic shoulder spot and to the name of its sister species, C. argus (see above)
Coelorinchus tokiensis (Steindachner & Döderlein 1887) –ensis, suffix denoting place: Tokyo, Japan, type locality (but occurs in Western North Pacific and East China Sea)
Coelorinchus triocellatus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 tri-, three; ocellatus, having little eyes, referring to three ocellated markings on body
Coelorinchus trunovi Iwamoto & Anderson 1994 in honor of Russian colleague Ivan Andreevich Trunov (1936-2005), Atlantic Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, for his important contributions to the study of deep-sea fishes of the South Atlantic
Coelorinchus velifer Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 velum, sail; fero, to bear, referring to high dorsal fin
Coelorinchus ventrilux Marshall & Iwamoto 1973 ventris, ventral; lux, light, referring to “large and lenticular” luminous organ, which “lies in a shallow fossa [groove] in the rear half of the chest”
Coelorinchus vityazae Iwamoto, Shcherbachev & Marquardt 2004 in honor of the research vessel Vityaz (also spelled Vitiaz), from which many of the type specimens were collected
Coelorinchus weberi Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 in honor of ichthyologist Max Weber (1852-1937), for this work on the fishes of the East Indian region
Coelorinchus zinjianus Prokofiev & Iwamoto 2023 –anus, belonging to: Zinj, an ancient Arabian name for East Africa and nearby islands, referring to its occurrence in the western Indian Ocean off Madagascar
Subgenus Oxygadus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 oxy, sharp, allusion not explained, possibly referring to spinules on scales of C. parallelus and several other species known at the time with a “very strong median keel”; gadus, a cod or gadiform fish
Coelorinchus acanthiger Barnard 1925 acanthus, thorn or spine; –iger, to bear, referring to spinules on scales
Coelorinchus amirantensis Iwamoto, Golani, Baranes & Goren 2006 –ensis, suffix denoting place: Amirantes Basin, western Indian Ocean, type locality
Coelorinchus anisacanthus Sazonov 1994 a-, not; isos, equal; acanthos, spine, referring to how scales on head and body vary markedly in how they are armed with ctenii (spinules or teeth)
Coelorinchus aratrum Gilbert 1905 plow, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to “long, depressed” snout
Coelorinchus braueri Barnard 1925 in honor of zoologist August Brauer (1863-1917), Berlin Zoological Museum, who reported this species as C. parallelus in 1906
Coelorinchus divergens Okamura & Yatou 1984 referring to “diverging spinous carinae of scales on the top of the head”
Coelorinchus doryssus Gilbert 1905 spear-bearer, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to more slender snout compared to the similar C. aratrum
Coelorinchus gilberti Jordan & Hubbs 1925 in honor of ichthyologist, fisheries biologist and Jordan’s Stanford University colleague Charles H. Gilbert (1859-1928), who described many gadiform species, often with Carl L. Hubbs
Coelorinchus kermadecus Jordan & Gilbert 1904 –acus, belonging to: Kermadec Islands, southwestern Pacific, type locality
Coelorinchus labiatus (Köhler 1896) lipped, referring to “two very accentuated bulges” (translation) on upper lip, which Köhler did not see in drawings of the closely related C. japonicus and C. parallelus
Coelorinchus mascarenus Prokofiev & Iwamoto 2020 –anus, belonging to: Mascarene Ridge, Western Indian Ocean, only known area of occurrence
Coelorinchus mediterraneus Iwamoto & Ungaro 2002 named after the Mediterranean Sea, where it is endemic
Coelorinchus mycterismus McMillan & Paulin 1993 turned-up nose, referring to its distinctive snout
Coelorinchus obscuratus McMillan & Iwamoto 2009 darkened or obscured, referring to its dark and dusky coloration
Coelorinchus occa (Goode & Bean 1885) according to Goode & Bean (1896): a harrow, referring to its rough scales, each one bearing ~5 large spines and many smaller ones
Coelorinchus paraboliceps Prokofiev & Iwamoto 2020 parabola, a curve where any point is at an equal distance from a fixed point or fixed straight line; ceps, head, referring to sides of snout strongly and regularly convex in dorsal view
Coelorinchus parallelus (Günther 1877) referring to “nearly parallel” arrangement of 5-7 “spiny ridges” on scales
Coelorinchus sheni Chiou, Shao & Iwamoto 2004 in honor of Shih (or Shieh)-Chieh Shen, National Taiwan University, for his many contributions to ichthyology (genus misspelled Caelorinchus by the authors)
Coelorinchus spinifer Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 spina, thorn; fero, to bear, referring to the “relatively immense spine borne on each scale”
Coelorinchus trachycarus Iwamoto, McMillan & Shcherbachev 1999 trachys, rough; kara, head, referring to “bristly spinulation” on ridges of the head, “more prickly” than other congeners
Coelorinchus yurii Iwamoto, Golani, Baranes & Goren 2006 in honor of ichthyologist Yuri Nikolayevich Shcherbachev (Institute of Oceanology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR), who initially recognized this species as new and planned to describe it with Iwamoto
Subgenus Quincuncia Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 quincunx, a geometric pattern consisting of five coplanar points, referring to arrangement of spinules on scales of C. argentatus, C. quincunciatus and C. thompsoni
Coelorinchus argentatus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 silvery, referring to coloration on sides, cheek, opercles, and region immediately below suborbital ridge, with silvery reflections around vent
Coelorinchus brevirostris Okamura 1984 brevis, short; rostris, snout, referring to its “comparatively short” snout for a member of Quincuncia (recognized as a valid subgenus at the time)
Coelorinchus cingulatus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 banded, referring to barred markings on posterior part of body
Coelorinchus cylindricus Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 referring to its long, cylindrical body
Coelorinchus denticulatus Regan 1921 small-toothed, presumably referring to “spinules” on scales
Coelorinchus formosanus Okamura 1963 –anus, belonging to: Formosa (Taiwan), referring to type locality (also occurs in waters off Japan and Korea)
Coelorinchus fuscigulus Iwamoto, Ho & Shao 2009 fuscus, dark or swarthy; gula, throat, referring to blackish branchiostegal membranes
Coelorinchus gaesorhynchus Iwamoto & Williams 1999 gaison, spear or javelin; rhynchos, snout, referring to “notably long, sharp snout”
Coelorinchus ganymedes Prokofiev 2021 named for Ganymedes (or Ganymede), a young man in Greek mythology taken to Olympus for his beauty as the cupbearer of the gods, referring to this fish’s “graceful appearance and elegant color” (translation)
Coelorinchus gladius Gilbert & Cramer 1897 sword, presumably referring to very long snout in adults, “narrowed anteriorly, its tip produced as a long, strong, horny spine”
Coelorinchus hubbsi Matsubara 1936 patronym not identified but almost certainly in honor of ichthyologist Carl L. Hubbs (1894-1979), who co-authored major contributions to macrouroid taxonomy in 1916 and 1920
Coelorinchus kamoharai Matsubara 1943 patronym not identified, presumably in honor of ichthyologist Toshiji Kamohara (1901-1972), Kochi University, who described Spicomacrurus kuronumai in 1938
Coelorinchus longissimus Matsubara 1943 longest, allusion not explained nor evident (it certainly is not the longest among C. kamoharai and C. vermicularis, described in the same paper, although luminous organ in front of anus may be longer)
Coelorinchus matsubarai Okamura 1982 in honor of the late Kiyomatsu Matsubara (1907-1968), ichthyologist, Imperial Fisheries Institute (Tokyo)
Coelorinchus mayiae Iwamoto & Williams 1999 from the Australian Yindjibarndi language, mayi, meaning younger sister, referring to putative sister-species relationship with C. argentatus
Coelorinchus melanobranchus Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 melanos, black; branchus, gill, referring to black blotch on branchiostegal membrane
Coelorinchus melanosagmatus Iwamoto & Anderson 1999 melanos, black; sagmatus, saddle, referring to dark saddle markings on body
Coelorinchus multifasciatus Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 multi-, many; fasciatus, banded, referring to its “distinctive” color pattern
Coelorinchus multispinulosus Katayama 1942 multi-, many; spinulosus, diminutive of spinosus, thorn, referring to scales armed with numerous small spinules in a quincunx order as in C. quincunciatus
Coelorinchus pardus Iwamoto & Williams 1999 leopard, referring to its leopard-like spots
Coelorinchus posteromaculatus Nakayama, Prokofiev & Kawai 2020 posterior, further back; maculatus, spotted, referring to characteristic dark blotch on anterior part of tail
Coelorinchus quincunciatus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 quincunx, a geometric pattern consisting of five coplanar points, referring to arrangement of spinules on scales
Coelorinchus semaphoreus Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 sema-, sign; phoreus, bearer, referring to “boldly marked” first dorsal fin
Coelorinchus spilonotus Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 spilos, spot; notos, back, referring to two prominent saddle marking
Coelorinchus thompsoni Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 in honor of fishery biologist William Francis Thompson (1888-1965), University of Washington (Seattle, USA), for his “ichthyological investigations”
Coelorinchus tricristiger Prokofiev & Iwamoto 2022 tri-, three; crista, crest; –iger, to bear or carry, referring to its three complete occipital ridges
Coryphaenoides Gunnerus 1765 –oides, having the form of: referring to C. rupestris, described has having a “blunt snout, a beautiful silver color, and several [other] characters” that “can be compared with the Dorado-like fishes (Coryphaenae)” (translation), i.e., dolphinfishes, genus Coryphaena
Subgenus Coryphaenoides
Coryphaenoides acrolepis (Bean 1884) etymology not explained, perhaps acro-, top, and lepis, scale, referring to 7-8 rows of scales above lateral line, or acer, sharp, referring to its rough scales (although this feature is not mentioned)
Coryphaenoides aequatoris (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) equatorial, referring to type locality, Gulf of Tomini, Sulawesi, Indonesia, just eight minutes south of Equator
Coryphaenoides alateralis Marshall & Iwamoto 1973 a-, without; lateralis, of the side, referring to absence of grooved lateral-line scales except for one or two scales at anteriormost end of the line
Coryphaenoides altipinnis Günther 1877 altus, high; pinnis, fin, presumably referring to “considerably produced” second dorsal-fin spine [sometimes misspelled altipennis]
Coryphaenoides anguliceps (Garman 1899) angulus, angular; ceps, head, presumably referring to “wide, shovel-shaped” snout, “pointed and bearing three prominent angles at the end”
Coryphaenoides ariommus Gilbert & Thompson 1916 ari-, large; omma, eye; although eye size is not mentioned in description, they do appear to be large in accompanying illustration
Coryphaenoides asper Günther 1877 rough, presumably referring to “five radiating series of strong and low spines” on scales
Coryphaenoides asprellus (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) diminutive of asper, rough, perhaps referring to “exposed portion of each scale armed with about 13 subparallel rows of rather strong spinules”; however, Gilbert & Hubbs (1920) indicate that name is a diminutive of C. asper
Coryphaenoides boops (Garman 1899) bo, ox; ops, eye, referring to its large eye, longer than the snout
Coryphaenoides bucephalus (Garman 1899) bous, ox; cephalus, head, presumably referring to its “rather short and broad” head
Coryphaenoides bulbiceps (Garman 1899) bulbus, a swelling; ceps, head, referring to its “massive, rounded” head
Coryphaenoides camurus (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) crooked, allusion not explained; Gilbert & Hubbs (1920) say it refers to its “peculiar physiognomy”
Coryphaenoides capito (Garman 1899) large head, described as “large, two ninths of the total length, three fourths as wide as high, high and arched from the nape to the dorsal, descending from the nape to the end of the snout”
Coryphaenoides carminifer (Garman 1899) carmino, a comb (with wire bristles) for carding wool; fero, to bear, referring to longitudinal series of spines on each scale, which create a “pilose grayish brown appearance”
Coryphaenoides castaneus Shcherbachev & Iwamoto 1995 chestnut, referring to its overall “dark chocolate brown” ground color
Coryphaenoides cinereus (Gilbert 1896) ash-colored, referring to “uniform light-grayish” coloration on body and fins (with exception of blackish pectorals and ventrals)
Coryphaenoides delsolari Chirichigno F. & Iwamoto 1977 in honor of Enrique del Solar (1911-1990), for his numerous contributions to Peruvian ichthyology
Coryphaenoides dossenus McMillan 1999 Latin for humpback, referring to prominent bulge in predorsal area in large females
Coryphaenoides dubius (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) doubtful or uncertain, allusion not explained; Gilbert & Hubbs (1920) speculate that the name reflects its “supposed doubtful status or relationships”
Coryphaenoides filiferus (Gilbert 1896) filum, thread; fero, to bear, referring to second spine of dorsal fin, “extremely long and slender,” terminating in a “long membranous filament”
Coryphaenoides grahami Iwamoto & Shcherbachev 1991 in honor of Ken Graham (b. 1947), New South Wales State Fishery Agency, who collected numerous valuable fish specimens, including four paratypes of this species
Coryphaenoides guentheri (Vaillant 1888) in honor of ichthyologist-herpetologist Albert Günther (1830-1914), British Museum (Natural History), who described Macrourus holotrachys in 1878, with which this species had initially been confused
Coryphaenoides hextii (Alcock 1890) according to Alcock (1902), in honor of Rear-Admiral John Hext (1842-1924), Director of the Royal Indian Marine, for his generous support of the HMS Investigator expedition to the Arabian Sea, during which type was collected
Coryphaenoides hoskynii (Alcock 1890) in honor of Richard Frazer Hoskyn (1848-1892), Commander of the HMS Investigator, from which type was collected
Coryphaenoides longicirrhus (Gilbert 1905) longus, long; cirrhus, curl or tendril, allusion not explained, possibly referring to well-developed chin barbel
Coryphaenoides macrolophus (Alcock 1889) macro-, long or large; lophus, crest, presumably referring to second dorsal-fin spine, “produced into a long filament … about half the total length of the fish”
Coryphaenoides marginatus Steindachner & Döderlein 1887 margined, presumably referring to blackish edge on fins
Coryphaenoides marshalli Iwamoto 1970 in honor of ichthyologist Norman Bertram Marshall (1915-1996), British Museum (Natural History), for his “numerous and valuable contributions to the knowledge of deep-sea fishes”
Coryphaenoides mexicanus (Parr 1946) Mexican, presumably referring to its occurrence in the Gulf of Mexico
Coryphaenoides microps (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) micro-, small; ops, eye, referring to “much smaller” eye compared to the similar C. macrolophus
Coryphaenoides microstomus McMillan 1999 micro-, small; stomus, mouth, referring to small mouth, the upper jaw extending back to about anterior third of orbit, 27-30% of head length
Coryphaenoides myersi Iwamoto & Sazonov 1988 in honor of the late George S. Myers (1905-1985), “distinguished” ichthyologist and former Stanford University professor, who collected type in 1938
Coryphaenoides nasutus Günther 1877 long-nosed, referring to conical snout, “with a projecting barb in the middle,” overhanging the mouth
Coryphaenoides oreinos Iwamoto & Sazonov 1988 from the mountains or mountain-dwelling, referring to its habitat on seamounts and guyots of the eastern Pacific
Coryphaenoides orthogrammus (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) ortho-, straight; gramme, line, allusion not explained; Gilbert & Hubbs (1920) speculate that name refers to “strongly marked line formed by the suborbital ridge,” but we doubt this interpretation since Smith & Radcliffe described the suborbital ridge as “wavy”
Coryphaenoides paramarshalli Merrett 1983 para-, near, referring to its very close relationship to C. marshalli; indeed, two of the paratypes of the former species are incorporated among the paratypes of the latter
Coryphaenoides rudis Günther 1878 rough, referring to scales “equally rough over the whole of their surface, the spinelets being subequal in size, densely packed, and not arranged in series”
Coryphaenoides rupestris Gunnerus 1765 living among rocks, derived from Norwegian vernacular for this and similar species, berg-laks, i.e., rock salmon, presumably referring to its rocky habitat [see Macrourus berglax, below]
Coryphaenoides semiscaber Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 semi-, partial; scaber, rough, referring to strong spinules on basal half of second dorsal-fin spine
Coryphaenoides sibogae Weber & de Beaufort 1929 of the ship Siboga and Indonesian expedition (1898-1899) of same name, during which type was collected
Coryphaenoides soyoae Nakayama & Endo 2016 of Soyo-maru, research vessel of the National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (Japan), from which type was collected
Coryphaenoides thelestomus Maul 1951 thele, nipple; stomus, mouth, referring to its thick, fleshly and “conspiculously papillous” lips
Coryphaenoides tydemani (Weber 1913) in honor of Lieut. Gustaaf Frederik Tydeman (1858-1939), commander (and hydrographer) of the ship Siboga and Indonesian expedition (1898-1899) of same name, during which type was collected
Coryphaenoides woodmasoni (Alcock 1890) in honor of British zoologist James Wood-Mason (1846-1893), Indian Museum (Calcutta), who collaborated with Alcock in studying the collections of the HMS Investigator, from which type was collected
Coryphaenoides zaniophorus (Vaillant 1888) xanion, a comb for carding wool; phoros, to have or bear, referring to short, stout spinules on scales of larger specimens, arranged in V-shaped rows, resembling the wire bristles on wool cards (or combs), i.e., cardiform (a term usually applied to teeth)
Subgenus Albatrossia Jordan & Gilbert 1898 –ia, belonging to: “the good ship Albatross, in remembrance of her splendid contributions to our knowledge of the life of the deep sea”
Coryphaenoides pectoralis (Gilbert 1892) referring to “long and narrow” pectoral fins
Subgenus Bogoslovius Jordan & Evermann 1898 –ius, adjectival suffix: named for St. John Bogoslof, a volcanic island in the Bering Sea, near where type species, B. clarki (=C. longifilis) was dredged
Coryphaenoides longifilis Günther 1877 longus, long; filum, thread, referring to outer ventral-fin ray “produced into an exceedingly long stiff filament”
Subgenus Fuyangia Whitley 1931 etymology not explained nor evident [replacement name for Chalinura Goode & Bean 1883, preoccupied in arachnids]
Coryphaenoides brevibarbis (Goode & Bean 1896) brevis, short; barbis, barbel, referring to short chin barbel (8 mm)
Coryphaenoides fernandezianus (Günther 1887) –ianus, belonging to: south of Juan Fernández Islands, type locality
Coryphaenoides leptolepis Günther 1877 leptos, thin; lepis, scale, referring to its “thin and deciduous” scales
Coryphaenoides mcmillani Iwamoto & Shcherbachev 1991 in honor of Peter McMillan (b. 1955), Fishery Research Agency (Wellington, New Zealand), who independently recognized this species as new and was planning to describe it, but kindly deferred to the current authors
Coryphaenoides mediterraneus (Giglioli 1893) referring to its occurrence in the Mediterranean Sea (also occurs in the North Atlantic)
Coryphaenoides murrayi Günther 1878 in honor of John Murray (1841-1914, later the founder of modern oceanography), of the HMS Challenger, which secured type
Coryphaenoides profundicola (Nybelin 1957) profundus, deep; –cola, dweller or inhabitant; all known specimens at the time captured between 4000-5000 m, “which indicates its being a pronounced deep-sea bottom fish” [often declined as an adjective, profundicolus, but name is a noun]
Coryphaenoides serrulatus serrulatus Günther 1878 diminutive of serra, saw, i.e, small saw-toothed, referring to second dorsal spine, “finely and closely serrate in front”
Coryphaenoides serrulatus oceanus Iwamoto & Shcherbachev 1991 referring to its oceanic distribution, compared with the more continental distribution of the nominate subspecies
Coryphaenoides striaturus Barnard 1925 “the fluting on a column” (according to Barnard), referring to “more numerous flutings [i.e., grooves] on scales” compared to C. leptolepis
Coryphaenoides subserrulatus Makushok 1976 sub-, somewhat, referring to its “supposed relationship” (translation) with C. serrulatus
Subgenus Lionurus Günther 1887 leios, smooth, referring to its smooth scales; –urus, proposed as a subgenus of Macrourus
Coryphaenoides carapinus Goode & Bean 1883 –inus, adjectival suffix: allusion not explained, presumably referring to its resemblance to the pearlfish genus Carapus (Carapidae)
Coryphaenoides filicauda Günther 1878 filum, thread; cauda, tail, referring to how tail is “prolonged into a long filament”
Subgenus Nematonurus Günther 1887 nemato-, thread, presumably referring to filamentous outer ventral-fin ray; –urus, proposed as a subgenus of Macorurus
Coryphaenoides affinis Günther 1878 related, presumably referring to its similarity and/or close relationship to C. variabilis (=armatus), both described by Günther as having five spiny ridges on the scales
Coryphaenoides armatus (Hector 1875) armed with a weapon, presumably referring to spinous second ray (or spine) of first dorsal fin, “enveloped in a sheath that is prolonged as a filament”
Coryphaenoides ferrieri (Regan 1913) in honor of James G. Ferrier, Secretary of the Scotia Committee; Scotia is ship from which type was collected during the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902-1904)
Coryphaenoides lecointei (Dollo 1900) in honor of Lieut. Georges Lecointe (1869-1929), second-in-command of the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, during which type was collected
Coryphaenoides yaquinae Iwamoto & Stein 1974 of the research vessel Yaquina, Oregon State University, from which type was collected (and specimens of other species studied by the authors)
Incertae sedis
Coryphaenoides gypsochilus Iwamoto & McCosker 2001 gypso, chalky (like gypsum); cheilus, lip, referring to prominent chalk-colored lips in life
Cynomacrurus Dollo 1909 cyno-, dog, referring to its “large mandibular fangs” (translation); macrurus, a macrourid fish, from Macrourus, type genus of family
Cynomacrurus piriei Dollo 1909 in honor of James Hunter Harvey Pirie (1878-1965), physician and geologist of the Scotia expedition to the Antarctic, during which type was collected
Echinomacrurus Roule 1916 echinos, spiny, referring to slender, erect spinules on scales; macrurus, a macrourid fish, from Macrourus, type genus of family
Echinomacrurus mollis Roule 1916 soft, referring to its large, flaccid head (swollen by expansive cephalic lateral-line canals)
Haplomacrourus Trunov 1980 haplos, simple or primitive, referring to primitive (cycloid) scales on head and abdomen; Macrourus, type genus of family
Haplomacrourus nudirostris Trunov 1980 nudus, bare or naked; rostris, snout, referring to scaleless snout
Hymenocephalus Giglioli 1884 hymen, membrane; cephalus, head, referring to membrane-like head covering of H. italicus
Subgenus Hymenocephalus
Hymenocephalus aeger Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 feeble, i.e., lacking strength of character, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to how it intergrades with H. torvus, which, along with H. aeger, was considered a subspecies of H. striatissimus
Hymenocephalus antraeus Gilbert & Cramer 1897 full of caves or hollows, presumably referring to “greatly developed” cavities on head
Hymenocephalus billsam Marshall & Iwamoto 1973 named for ichthyologists William (Bill) H. Longley (1881-1937) and Samuel (Sam) F. Hildebrand (1883-1949), who noted the existence of this species in 1941 but did not describe it [Iwamoto later emended the spelling to “billsamorum” believing it to be the correct grammatical ending for a patronym that honors two men, but since the original spelling did not have the usual patronymic “i”, we treat it as a noun in apposition that does not require emendment]
Hymenocephalus grimaldii Weber 1913 patronym not identified, probably in honor of Albert Honoré Charles Grimaldi (1848-1922), Albert I, Prince of Monaco, who devoted much of his life to the study of oceanography, and who published a series of papers on the instruments of deep-sea exploration, which Weber cited in his 1902 introductory Siboga expedition report [see Sphagemacrurus richardi, below]
Hymenocephalus hachijoensis Okamura 1970 –ensis, suffix denoting place: off Hachijo Island, Japan, type locality
Hymenocephalus heterolepis (Alcock 1889) heteros, different; lepis, scales, referring to large, smooth scales immediately behind head, and small, spiny scales on rest of body
Hymenocephalus italicus Giglioli 1884 Italian, referring to type locality, Genoa, Italy, Mediterranean Sea
Hymenocephalus iwamotoi Schwarzhans 2014 in honor of Tomio Iwamoto (b. 1939), California Academy of Sciences, for his “outstanding” contribution to the knowledge of the family Macrouridae; he was also the first ichthyologist to study this species, then identified as Hymenocephalus sp.
Hymenocephalus lethonemus Jordan & Gilbert 1904 lethos, forgetting; nema, thread, referring to lack of mandibular barbel
Hymenocephalus longibarbis (Günther 1887) longus, long; barbis, barbel, referring to long barbel, ⅔ as long as head
Hymenocephalus longipes Smith & Radcliffe 1912 longus, long; pes, foot, referring to its “produced” (extended) ventral-fin rays
Hymenocephalus maculicaudus McMillan & Iwamoto 2014 maculis, spot; cauda, tail, referring to distinctive line of melanophores along mid-lateral line anteriorly on the tail
Hymenocephalus megalops Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 mega-, great; ops, eye, referring to its notably large eyes
Hymenocephalus nascens Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 nascent or being born, “applied to this form to designate it as an incipient species” very close to but not intergrading with H. lethonemus
Hymenocephalus neglectissimus Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 most neglected or unnoticed, referring to its late discovery, first collected with H. semipellucidus in 1983, but not recognized as distinct from that species until 1990
Hymenocephalus punt Schwarzhans 2014 named after the mythic kingdom of Punt, thought to have been historically located in northern Somalia, off the shores of which this species occurs (also occurs off Yemen and southern Oman)
Hymenocephalus semipellucidus Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 semi-, half; pellucidus, clear or transparent, referring to partially transparent head covering and translucent caudal region (where vertebra can be seen in fresh specimens)
Hymenocephalus striatissimus Jordan & Gilbert 1904 very striated, referring to “extension of striated area across the isthmus and anterior part of the breast, and by an extension downward in front of each of the ventral fins, forming a pair of conspicuous silvery spots, on which the fine lines are more irregularly disposed”; the base of each ventral fin is “wholly surrounded by the striated area”
Hymenocephalus striatulus Gilbert 1905 narrowly striped, presumably referring to gular membrane with a “black median streak, from which diverge forward and outward a number of fine parallel black lines” and/or silvery streak along each side of isthmus, “crossed with very fine parallel hair lines of black, which can be made out only by the aid of a lens”
Hymenocephalus torvus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 staring, presumably referring to its large, circular eyes, the “orbital rims greatly expanded”
Hymenocephalus yamasakiorum Nakayama, Endo & Schwarzhans 2015 –orum, commemorative suffix, plural: in honor of Yasuko Yamasaki and her family, who operate a fishing trawler in Tosa Bay (Japan) and adjacent waters, providing a large number of fish specimens to Kochi University
Subgenus Papyrocephalus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 papyrus, paper; cephalus, head, referring to bony septae of skulls of H. aterrimus, H. barbatulus and H. payyraceus “exceedingly thin and papery”
Hymenocephalus aterrimus Gilbert 1905 very black, referring to uniform black coloration
Hymenocephalus barbatulus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 diminutive of barbatus, bearded, referring to its short barbel, shorter than pupil
Hymenocephalus fuscus McMillan & Iwamoto 2014 swarthy, referring to overall dark coloration
Hymenocephalus nesaeae Merrett & Iwamoto 2000 from the Greek Nesaie, one of the Nereids, a sea nymph; no particular allusion or meaning, simply “a nice name that might have some bearing on the creature” (Tomio Iwamoto, pers. comm.)
Hymenocephalus papyraceus Jordan & Gilbert 1904 papery, “crests on head very high, thin, and papery, bridged over by excessively delicate membrane”
Hymenocephalus sazonovi Schwarzhans 2014 in memory of Yuri I. Sazonov (1950-2002), curator of ichthyology, Zoological Museum, Moscow State University, for his many contributions to the knowledge of the family Macrouridae; he was also the first to examine the type specimens (with Tomio Iwamoto) in 1992
Hymenogadus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 hymeno-, proposed as a subgenus of Hymenocephalus; gadus, a cod or gadiform fish
Hymenogadus gracilis (Gilbert & Hubbs 1920) thin or slender, referring to its slender body form
Hymenogadus tenuis (Gilbert & Hubbs 1917) slender, allusion not explained but almost certainly referring to its slender body
Kumba Marshall 1973 anagram of the initials of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, whose research vessel Sarsia dredged the type species K. dentoni
Kumba calvifrons Iwamoto & Sazonov 1994 calvus, bald; frons, forehead, referring to naked (scaleless) snout and forehead
Kumba dentoni Marshall 1973 in honor of marine biologist Eric James Denton (1923-2007), for his “fine explorations in bathybiophysics”
Kumba gymnorhynchus Iwamoto & Sazonov 1994 gymnos, naked; rhynchus, snout, referring to scaleless snout
Kumba hebetata (Gilbert 1905) blunted or dulled, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to “short, cuboid” head with “very short” snout
Kumba japonica (Matsubara 1943) Japanese, referring to type locality at Kumano-Nada, Japan
Kumba maculisquama (Trunov 1981) macula, spot; squama, scale, referring to “isolated ‘islets’ of scales” (translation) in front of lower margin of anterior nostrils and above upper margin of posterior nostrils
Kumba musorstom Merrett & Iwamoto 2000 named for the acronym MUSORSTOM, for a series of exploratory cruises to the Indo-West Pacific region jointly sponsored by the Institut français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération (ORSTOM) and the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle
Kumba punctulata Iwamoto & Sazonov 1994 diminutive of punctum, spot, i.e., dotted, referring to dense covering of melanophores on head
Kuronezumia Iwamoto 1974 kuroi, Japanese for black or dark, referring to “swarthy to dark brown” coloration of K. bubonis, proposed as a subgenus of Nezumia
Kuronezumia bubonis (Iwamoto 1974) tumor, referring to light organ “peculiarly enlarged into a bulbous, scaly, wartlike structure”
Kuronezumia darus (Gilbert & Hubbs 1916) latinization of dara, the “Japanese name of certain Macrouroid fishes” [often spelled dara but latinization, like the original Japanese spelling, is an indeclinable noun]
Kuronezumia endoi Nakayama 2020 in honor of Hiromitsu Endo (b. 1964), Kochi University (Japan), for his contributions to our knowledge of gadiform systematics [presumably a noun in apposition, without the patronymic “i”]
Kuronezumia leonis (Barnard 1925) etymology not explained; usually leonis means “lion,” perhaps an allusion to its original placement in the genus Lionurus Günther 1887 (=Coryphaenoides), presumably derived from leios, smooth, referring to smooth cycloid scales (although the scales of this species, each with six spinules, can hardly be called smooth)
Kuronezumia macronema (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) macro-, long; nema, thread, referring to produced (extended) outer ventral-fin ray
Kuronezumia paepkei Shcherbachev, Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 in honor of Hans-Joachim Paepke (b. 1934), curator of ichthyology, Berlin Museum of Natural History, for loaning the specimens that initiated the authors’ study
Kuronezumia pallida Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 light or pale, referring to its pale coloration, contrasted with the dark-colored K. bubonis
Lepidorhynchus Richardson 1846 lepido-, scaled; rhynchus, snout, allusion not explained, possibly referring to thin bony crests on snout and interorbital area
Lepidorhynchus denticulatus Richardson 1846 denticulated, i.e., finely toothed or notched, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to “scales being armed on the exposed part of their disk by slender subulate or setaceous spines”
Lucigadus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 lux, light, referring to possibility that L. lucifer has bioluminescent organs (it does); gadus, a cod or gadiform fish
Lucigadus acrolophus Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 crest or mountain ridge, referring to submarine elevations in and around New Caledonia, where it occurs
Lucigadus borealis Iwamoto & Okamoto 2015 northern, the most-northerly member of the genus
Lucigadus lucifer (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) lux, light; fero, to bear, referring to possibility that two lens-like organs, one between ventral fins and the other immediately before anus, may be bioluminescent (they are)
Lucigadus microlepis (Günther 1878) micro-, small; lepis, scale, referring to its small, cycloid scales, 13 in a transverse series between first dorsal fin and lateral line
Lucigadus nigromaculatus (McCulloch 1907) nigro-, black; maculatus, spotted, referring to large round black spot on first dorsal fin
Lucigadus nigromarginatus (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) nigro-, black; marginatus, margined, referring to black margin along anterior ventral- and anterior anal-fin rays
Lucigadus ori (Smith 1968) named for ORI, the Oceanographic Research Institute (Durban, South Africa), whose research vessel David Davies collected type
Lucigadus potronus (Pequeño 1971) latinization of potra, from the language of the Araucanian people of Chile, meaning hump or bulge, presumably referring to dorsal profile that steeply ascends to first dorsal spine then drops abruptly so that dorsal fin appears to be attached to posterior slope of a prominent hump
Lucigadus vittatus (Weber 1913) banded, referring to broad dark bands on body
Macrosmia Merrett, Sazonov & Shcherbachev 1983 macro-, long or distant; osme, smell, referring to supposed sensory capability of highly developed olfactory organ of males
Macrosmia phalacra Merrett, Sazonov & Shcherbachev 1983 bald, referring to reduced squamation of the head
Macrourus Bloch 1786 macro-, long; urus, tail, referring to long, rat-like tail
Macrourus berglax Lacepède 1801 latinization of Norwegian vernacular for this and similar species, berg-laks, i.e., rock salmon; according to Lacepède, “from the connections [i.e., relationship] it seems to share with salmon … in the middle of the rocks [rocky habitat?] where they frequently rest” (translation) [see Coryphaenoides rupestris, above]
Macrourus caml McMillan, Iwamoto, Stewart & Smith 2012 named for the Census of Antarctic Marine Life (CAML, pronounced “camel”), carried out during the International Polar Year in 2008, when type was collected from the Ross Sea slope, Antarctica
Macrourus carinatus (Günther 1878) keeled, referring to scales with a “very strong median keel”
Macrourus holotrachys Günther 1878 holo-, entire; trachys, rough, referring to each scale with a “median series of spinelets, and with two or more isolated spinelets besides,” and/or “irregular rough scales” covering top and sides of head
Macrourus whitsoni (Regan 1913) in honor of Thomas Barnby Whitson (1869-1948), Accountant of the Scotia Committee; Scotia is ship from which type was collected during the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902-1904)
Malacocephalus Günther 1862 malacos, soft; cephalus, head, presumably referring to head bones of M. laevis, described as “very thin and fragile”
Subgenus Malacocephalus
Malacocephalus laevis (Lowe 1843) smooth, referring to its “glossly, sleek or apparently naked appearance, caused by the fineness and minuteness of its areolæ or scales”
Malacocephalus luzonensis Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 –ensis, suffix denoting place: off western Luzon Island, Philippines, type locality
Malacocephalus nipponensis Gilbert & Hubbs 1916 –ensis, suffix denoting place: Nippon, or Japan, holotype collected off eastern coast of central Hondo, Japan (also occurs off Taiwan)
Subgenus Pawnurus Parr 1946 etymology not explained, perhaps referring to the yachts Pawnee I and Pawnee II, from which owner Harry Payne Bingham (1887-1955) explored the Caribbean and Gulf of California, amassing a collection of marine organisms for which Parr was hired as curator, and the results of which (including description of this taxon) were published in the Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection; urus, tail, presumably a general suffix for macrourids, referring to their long, rat-like tails
Malacocephalus boretzi Sazonov 1985 in honor of ichthyologist Leonid Aleksandrovich Boretz (also spelled Borets), TINRO (Pacific Scientific Research Fisheries Centre), who collected type specimens and provided them for study
Malacocephalus occidentalis Goode & Bean 1885 western, presumably referring to occurrence in western Atlantic (type locality: off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, USA), but also occurs in eastern Atlantic
Malacocephalus okamurai Iwamoto & Arai 1987 in honor of Osamu Okamura (Kochi University), for his “important” contributions to the knowledge of the family Macrouridae
Mataeocephalus Berg 1898 mataios, empty; cephalus, head, replacement name for Coelocephalus Gilbert & Cramer 1897, coelo-, hollow (preoccupied in Coleoptera), presumably referring to expanded mucous chambers in the head associated with the sensory lateralis system; these chambers may give the visual impression of a hollow or empty head
Subgenus Mataeocephalus
Mataeocephalus acipenserinus (Gilbert & Cramer 1897) sturgeon-like, presumably referring to sturgeon-like snout, “much depressed, flat, thin, projecting horizontally much beyond the mouth”
Mataeocephalus adustus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 brown or swarthy, presumably referring to light brown color in alcohol
Mataeocephalus cristatus Sazonov, Shcherbachev & Iwamoto 2003 crested, referring to slightly enlarged middle row of spinules on most body scales
Mataeocephalus tenuicauda (Garman 1899) tenuis, thin; caudatus, tailed, referring to “very slender” tail
Subgenus Hyomacrurus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 hyo-, hog, presumably referring to fleshy lips of type species, M. hyostomus; Macrourus, type genus of family
Mataeocephalus hyostomus (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) hyo-, hog; stoma, mouth, presumably referring to its “fleshy” lips
Mataeocephalus kotlyari Sazonov, Shcherbachev & Iwamoto 2003 in honor of colleague Alexander Kotlyar (b. 1950), P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, for his contributions to the knowledge of deep-sea fishes and his “untiring efforts” in collecting them, including specimens studied by the authors
Mesovagus Nakayama & Endo 2016 mesos, middle; vagus, a wanderer, referring to bathypelagic habitat of genus [replacement name for Mesobius Hubbs & Iwamoto 1977, preoccupied in centipedes; original name also referred to its bathypelagic habitat]
Mesovagus antipodum (Hubbs & Iwamoto 1977) genitive of antipodes, “referring to persons dwelling at opposite points of the globe,” probably referring to New Zealand occurrence of type specimen and presumed distribution across the Southern Hemisphere
Mesovagus berryi (Hubbs & Iwamoto 1977) in honor of marine biologist Frederick H. Berry (1927-2001), National Marine Fisheries Service, who first collected this species and brought it to Hubbs’ attention
Nezumia Jordan 1904 nezumi, Japanese for rat, referring to long, rat-like tail
Nezumia aequalis (Günther 1878) equal, referring to how scales are “equally rough over the whole of their surface”
Nezumia africana (Iwamoto 1970) African, known only from the Gulf of Guinea off Liberia
Nezumia aspidentata Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 asper, rough; dentatus, toothed, referring to prominent cardiform bands of teeth in the jaws
Nezumia atlantica (Parr 1946) Atlantic, possibly referring to the Atlantis oceanographic station in the Gulf of Mexico, type locality
Nezumia bairdii (Goode & Bean 1877) in honor of Spencer Fullerton Baird (1823-1887), Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Director of the U.S. National Museum, and U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, the latter of which sponsored expedition that collected type
Nezumia brevibarbata (Barnard 1925) brevis, short; barbatus, bearded, referring to shorter barbels compared to the similar N. brevirostris
Nezumia brevirostris (Alcock 1889) brevis, short; rostris, snout, referring to its “conspicuously short” snout
Nezumia burragei (Gilbert 1905) in honor of Lieut. G. H. Burrage, United States Navy, navigating and executive officer of the Albatross (which collected type), who greatly contributed to the success of the expedition
Nezumia cliveri Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 in honor of Clive D. Roberts (i.e., Clive R[oberts]), Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, who collected type (and many other grenadiers) and made them available for study
Nezumia coheni Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 in honor of Daniel M. Cohen (1930-2017), Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, “esteemed colleague and fellow student of deep-sea fishes”
Nezumia condylura Jordan & Gilbert 1904 Condylura, genus of the Star-nosed Mole, presumably referring to this grenadier’s mole-like snout, which terminates in a “median and a pair of lateral tubercles bearing rosettes of short spines”
Nezumia convergens (Garman 1899) convergent, referring to keel-like series of small sharp spines on scales, the outer series “somewhat convergent [coming closer together] backward to the stronger median series”
Nezumia cyrano Marshall & Iwamoto 1973 etymology not explained but almost certainly referring to Cyrano de Bergerac, main character in an 1897 comedy by Edmond Rostand, characterized by his large nose, alluding to its “relatively long” snout
Nezumia duodecim Iwamoto 1970 twelve, referring to usual number of pelvic-fin rays
Nezumia ectenes (Gilbert & Cramer 1897) stretched, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to compressed body with “very slender” tail
Nezumia evides (Gilbert & Hubbs 1920) pretty, described as a “pretty little species”
Nezumia holocentra (Gilbert & Cramer 1897) holo-, entire; centrum, spine or point, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to “25 to 50 very long slender backwardly directed spinelets” on scales
Nezumia infranudis (Gilbert & Hubbs 1920) infra-, below; nudis, bare, referring to scaleless undersurface of head
Nezumia investigatoris (Alcock 1889) –is, genitive singular of: HM Indian Marine Survey steamer Investigator, which collected type
Nezumia kamoharai Okamura 1970 patronym not identified, probably in honor of ichthyologist Toshiji Kamohara (1901-1972), Kochi University, who offered “pertinent criticism and helpful advice”
Nezumia kapala Iwamoto & Williams 1999 named for the former New South Wales Fisheries research vessel Kapala, from which type and many other grenadiers from the region were collected
Nezumia kensmithi Wilson 2001 in honor of Kenneth L. Smith, Jr., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, who has “contributed significantly to our knowledge of the ecology and behavior of deep-sea fishes, particularly macrourids, and to our general knowledge of the biology of Pacific Ocean seamounts, including Fieberling Guyot,” where this species occurs
Nezumia latirostrata (Garman 1899) latus, wide; rostratus, beaked, referring to its wide snout, wider than the similar N. convergens
Nezumia leucoura Iwamoto & Williams 1999 leukos, white; oura, tail, referring to pale tail tip
Nezumia liolepis (Gilbert 1890) leios, smooth; lepis, scale, referring to undeveloped spines on scales, only traces of which can be observed
Nezumia longebarbata (Roule & Angel 1933) longus, long; barbatus, barbled, proposed as a subspecies of Lionorus (now Sphagemacrurus) pumiliceps, referring to its longer chin barbel
Nezumia loricata loricata (Garman 1899) armored, referring to spiny scales, which “form an armature” on head and snout “quite as rough and heavy as on the body”
Nezumia loricata atomos Iwamoto 1979 Greek for indivisible or uncut, referring to terminal snout not divided into distinctly separated halves, unlike nominate form
Nezumia merretti Iwamoto & Williams 1999 in honor of friend and colleague Nigel R. Merrett (b. 1940), British Museum, for his contributions to deep-sea biology
Nezumia micronychodon Iwamoto 1970 micro-, small; onyx, talon or claw; odon, tooth, referring to small, claw-like teeth
Nezumia milleri Iwamoto 1973 in honor of George C. Miller, National Marine Fisheries Service, whose collecting efforts off Angola provided specimens for Iwamoto, including type of this species
Nezumia namatahi McCann & McKnight 1980 nama tahi, a Maori phrase for this New Zealand fish, meaning “number one,” allusion not explained nor evident
Nezumia obliquata (Gilbert 1905) oblique, referring to “snout terminating in a very spinous tubercle directed very obliquely upward”
Nezumia orbitalis (Garman 1899) orbital, presumably referring to how posterior half of orbit appears “subcircular or deeper”
Nezumia parini Hubbs & Iwamoto 1977 in honor of “esteemed” Soviet colleague Nikolai Vasil’evich Parin (1932-2012), Russian Academy of Sciences, who also recognized this species as undescribed and “very generously” provided his specimens to the authors
Nezumia polylepis (Alcock 1889) poly, many; lepis, scales, referring to small and therefore more numerous scales above lateral line in contrast to most of the species Alcock included in the genus Macrourus
Nezumia propinqua (Gilbert & Cramer 1897) near, presumably referring to similarity to and/or close relationship with N. holocentra, described in the same paper
Nezumia proxima (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) near, allusion not explained; according to Gilbert & Hubbs (1920), refers to “supposed close relationship” with Coryphaenoides nasutus, its presumed congener at the time
Nezumia pudens Gilbert & Thompson 1916 modest or bashful, allusion not explained nor evident
Nezumia pulchella (Pequeño 1971) diminutive of pulcher, beautiful, “one of the most beautiful macrourids, both for its blue-purple color as it comes out of the sea, as well as for its lines, devoid of rough ridges, which are so common in these animals” (translation)
Nezumia rara Nakayama 2020 sparsely occurring, referring to its “very rare” occurrence
Nezumia sclerorhynchus (Valenciennes 1838) sclero-, hard; rhynchus, snout, presumably referring to rough protuberance at end of conically projecting snout
Nezumia semiquincunciata (Alcock 1889) semi-, partial; quincunx, a geometric pattern consisting of five coplanar points, allusion not explained, presumably referring in some way to arrangement of, or pattern formed by, “spinigerous imbricating scales” on body
Nezumia shinoharai Nakayama & Endo 2012 in honor of Gento Shinohara, National Museum of Nature and Science (Tokyo), for his “great” contributions to our knowledge of deep-sea fishes around Japan
Nezumia soela Iwamoto & Williams 1999 named for former CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) fisheries research vessel Soela, from which were collected many of the specimens the authors used in their study of western Australian grenadiers
Nezumia spinosa (Gilbert & Hubbs 1916) spiny, referring to longer dorsal-fin spine and/or longer scale spinules compared to N. proxima
Nezumia stelgidolepis (Gilbert 1890) stelgid, scraper; lepis, scale, referring to scales “thickly beset with spines”
Nezumia suilla Marshall & Iwamoto 1973 Latin for pork, allusion not explained; according to Tomio Iwamoto (pers. comm.), Marshall liked to call grenadiers “snoot nose,” presumably referring to their protruding snout and supposed feeding habit of rooting around along the deep-sea bottom the way a pig roots in mud
Nezumia tinro Sazonov 1985 named after TINRO, Pacific Scientific Research Fisheries Centre, which organized expedition that collected type
Nezumia tomiyamai (Okamura 1963) in honor of ichthyologist Ichiro (sometimes spelled Itiro) Tomiyama (1906-1981), Tokyo University, for his “kindness” in letting Okamura examine his “precious” collection
Nezumia umbracincta Iwamoto & Anderson 1994 umbra, shadow or dark; cinctum, belt or girdle, referring to broad dark band encircling body
Nezumia ventralis Hubbs & Iwamoto 1979 of or belonging to the belly, referring to well-developed ventral light organ
Nezumia wularnia Iwamoto & Williams 1999 from Yindjibarndi (Indigenous Australian) word meaning “from the west,” known only from off Western Australia, from Exmouth Plateau to west of Mandurah
Odontomacrurus Norman 1939 odontos, tooth, presumably referring to strong, curved and “canine-like” uniserial teeth in both jaws; macrurus, a macrourid fish, from Macrourus, type genus of family
Odontomacrurus murrayi Norman 1939 in honor of John Murray (1841-1914, later the founder of modern oceanography), president and treasurer of the John Murray Expedition that collected type
Pseudocetonurus Sazonov & Shcherbachev 1982 pseudo-, false, referring to similarity to Cetonurus (without, however, indicating a close kinship)
Pseudocetonurus septifer Sazonov & Shcherbachev 1982 fero, to bear: septum, referring to “strongly developed and clearly noticeable septa in the postorbital seismosensory canal” (translation)
Pseudonezumia Okamura 1970 pseudo-, false, i.e., although it “approaches” Nezumia in “general physiognomy” and other characters, such an appearance is false
Pseudonezumia cetonuropsis (Gilbert & Hubbs 1916) –opsis, appearance, “apparently related to Cetonurus, as their common characters indicate”
Pseudonezumia flagellicauda (Koefoed 1927) flagellum, whip; cauda, tail, referring to how body gradually tapers to a long, slender tail, which is almost string-like posteriorly
Pseudonezumia japonicus Okamura 1970 Japanese, probably referring to type locality, off Choshi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan
Pseudonezumia occidentalis (Iwamoto 1979) western, referring to its occurrence in the southeastern Pacific compared to Echinomacrurus mollis, its presumed congener at time of description, which is known only from the eastern North Atlantic and western Indian oceans
Pseudonezumia parvipes (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) parvus, small; pes, foot, referring to its small ventral fins, their “rays reduced in number”
Pseudonezumia pusilla (Sazonov & Shcherbachev 1982) tiny, referring to very small size of sexually mature specimens compared to congeners
Sphagemacrurus Fowler 1925 sphagos, throat, presumably referring to forward position of pelvic fins of S. hirundo to near or on throat; macrurus, a macrourid fish, from Macrourus, type genus of family
Sphagemacrurus decimalis (Gilbert & Hubbs 1920) ten, referring to number of ventral-fin rays
Sphagemacrurus gibber (Gilbert & Cramer 1897) humpbacked, referring to dorsal profile, which “ascends somewhat to origin of first dorsal, drops abruptly under this fin, which is therefore attached to the posterior slope of a prominent hump”
Sphagemacrurus grenadae (Parr 1946) of Grenada, referring to type locality off coast of Grenada in the Caribbean Sea
Sphagemacrurus hirundo (Collett 1896) swallow (bird), Latin transliteration of L’Hirondelle, Prince Albert of Monaco’s yacht, from which type was collected
Sphagemacrurus pumiliceps (Alcock 1894) pumila, dwarf; ceps, head, referring to its “singularly small” head, its length ~1/8 length of body
Sphagemacrurus richardi (Weber 1913) patronym not identified, probably in honor of Jules Richard (1863-1945), scientific director, Oceanographic Institute of Monaco; he published a series of papers on the instruments of deep-sea exploration, which Weber cited in his 1902 introductory Siboga expedition report [see Hymenocephalus grimaldii, above]
Spicomacrurus Okamura 1970 etymology not explained, presumably from spica or spiculum, dart or spike, possibly referring to dart-like shape of S. kuronumai; macrurus, a macrourid fish, from Macrourus, type genus of family
Spicomacrurus adelscotti (Iwamoto & Merrett 1997) of Adelscott, a “notably fine French ale,” with which the authors celebrated the discovery of this species
Spicomacrurus dictyogadus Iwamoto, Shao & Ho 2011 Greek for net or mesh, referring to net- or mesh-like epithelium of gular membrane; gadus, a cod or gadiform fish
Spicomacrurus kuronumai (Kamohara 1938) in honor of ichthyologist Katsuzô Kuronuma (1908-1992), then a Master’s student at the University of Michigan, who helped Kamohara in “various ways”
Spicomacrurus mccoskeri Iwamoto, Shao & Ho 2011 in honor of John E. McCosker (b. 1945), California Academy of Sciences, “intrepid adventurer, diver, raconteur, expert fly fisherman, conservationist, ichthyological colleague and friend”
Trachonurus Günther 1887 trachos, rough, referring to how skin of T. villosus is “densely studded with erect spines”; –urus, proposed as a subgenus of Macrourus
Trachonurus gagates Iwamoto & McMillan 1997 Greek for velvety black, referring to dark scales covering body
Trachonurus robinsi Iwamoto 1997 in honor of C. Richard Robins (1928-2020), “esteemed ichthyologist, mentor, and compassionate human”
Trachonurus sentipellis Gilbert & Cramer 1897 sentis, thorn; pellis, skin, referring to “strong spinelets” on scales
Trachonurus sulcatus (Goode & Bean 1885) furrowed, referring to 8-10 spinelets on scales, “which feel bristly to the touch, separated by wide deep furrows (hence the specific name)”
Trachonurus villosus (Günther 1877) villous, referring to erect spines on skin, “which give to the body and head the appearance of being covered with short villosities”
Trachonurus yiwardaus Iwamoto & Williams 1999 from the Yindjibamdi (Indigenous Australian) word meaning ashes, referring to its grayish color
Ventrifossa Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 referring to scaleless fossa between ventral fins of type species, V. garmani
Subgenus Ventrifossa
Ventrifossa ctenomelas (Gilbert & Cramer 1897) cteno, comb; melas, dark or black, referring to brownish-black branchiostegal membranes
Ventrifossa divergens Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 diverging, referring to how it differs from V. garmani, its “representative in Japan”
Ventrifossa garmani (Jordan & Gilbert 1904) in honor of Harvard ichthyologist Samuel Garman (1843-1927)
Ventrifossa gomoni Iwamoto & Williams 1999 in honor of “ichthyological friend and colleague” Martin F. Gomon (b. 1945), senior curator of fishes, Museum of Victoria (Melbourne)
Ventrifossa longibarbata Okamura 1982 longus, long; barbatus, barbeled, referring to its long and slender barbel
Ventrifossa macropogon Marshall 1973 macro-, long; pogon, beard, referring to longer barbel compared to V. mucocephalus
Ventrifossa mucocephalus Marshall 1973 mucus, slime; cephalus, head, allusion not explained, perhaps referring to a somewhat more inflated head compared to congeners, with spaces in the head filled with mucous (Tomio Iwamoto, pers. comm.)
Ventrifossa mystax Iwamoto & Anderson 1994 mustache, referring to characteristic black blotch on ascending process of premaxillae
Ventrifossa nasuta (Smith 1935) long-nosed, referring to its more elongated snout compared to other South African species of Lionurus (original genus) known at the time
Ventrifossa nigrodorsalis Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 nigro-, black; dorsalis, dorsal, referring to black spot on first dorsal fin
Ventrifossa obtusirostris Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 obtusus, blunt; rostris, snout, referring to its short, blunt snout compared to congeners
Ventrifossa paxtoni Iwamoto & Williams 1999 in honor of John R. Paxton (b. 1938), former curator, Australian Museum (Sydney), for his many contributions to ichthyology
Ventrifossa petersonii (Alcock 1891) in honor of E. Peterson, the gunner of the Investigator (ship from which type was collected), “whose unabating zeal on behalf of our zoological collections led on one occasion to his getting his fingers almost amputated by the dredging-wire, and on another occasion to his falling overboard almost into the mouth of a shark”
Ventrifossa rhipidodorsalis Okamura 1984 rhipido-, fan or fan-like; dorsalis, of the back, allusion unclear; according to Okamura, name refers to “first dorsal fin colored by black and white” (perhaps resembling a Japanese folding fan?)
Ventrifossa saikaiensis Okamura 1984 –ensis, suffix denoting place: Saikai or Seikai, Japanese name for northern part of East China Sea, type locality
Ventrifossa teres Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 terete, referring to its slender, cylindrical body
Ventrifossa vinolenta Iwamoto & Merrett 1997 Latin for drunk on wine, but also meaning wine-colored, referring to overall tint of trunk and tail of this species, and the nose of the second author
Subgenus Atherodus Gilbert & Hubbs 1920 ather, spine; odus, tooth, referring to “outer series of widely set canines with distinctly arrow-shaped tips” on premaxillary of V. atherodon
Ventrifossa atherodon (Gilbert & Cramer 1897) ather, spine; odon, tooth, referring to “outer series of widely set canines with distinctly arrow-shaped tips” on premaxillary
Ventrifossa macrodon Sazonov & Iwamoto 1992 macro-, long; odon, tooth, referring to enlarged teeth in outer row of premaxillary (“a not uncommon character in this genus”)
Ventrifossa macroptera Okamura 1982 macro-, long; ptera, fin, referring to its long pectoral fin, >⅔ of head length
Ventrifossa sazonovi Iwamoto & Williams 1999 in honor of “Russian colleague and fellow student of grenadiers” Yuri I. Sazanov (1950-2002), curator of ichthyology, Zoological Museum, Moscow State University
Subgenus Sokodara Iwamoto 1979 Japanese name for grenadiers
Ventrifossa johnboborum Iwamoto 1982 –orum, commemorative suffix, plural: in honor of ichthyologists John R. Paxton (b. 1938), Australian Museum (Sydney), and Robert “Bob” J. Lavenberg (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, USA), who first recognized this species as new
Ventrifossa misakia (Jordan & Gilbert 1904) –ia, adjectival suffix: near Misaki, Japan, type locality (authors define Misaki as “red point, a headland at the mouth of the bay of Sagami, famous for zoological work”)